TIFF files are made in a way that make them easily extendable and over
the years people have made sure to exploit that. In other words, it's
easy to find images with non-standard tags. Instead of returning an
error for that, let's skip them.
Note that we need to make sure to realign the reading head in the file.
The test case was originally a 10x10 checkerboard image with required
tags, and also the `DocumentName` tag. Then, I modified this tag in a
hexadecimal editor and replaced its id with 30 000 (0x3075 as a LE u16)
and the type with the same value as well. This is AFAIK, never used as
a custom TIFF tag, so this should remain an invalid tag id and type.
This allows us to reject invalid images before trying to decode them.
The spec requires more tag to be present[1] but as we don't use them for
decoding I don't see the point.
[1] - XResolution, YResolution and ResolutionUnit
TIFF images with the PhotometricInterpretation tag set to RGBPalette are
based on indexed colors instead of explicitly describing the color for
each pixel. Let's add support for them.
The test case was generated with GIMP using the Indexed image mode after
adding an alpha layer. Not all decoders are able to open this image, but
GIMP can.
UnassociatedAlpha is the one used by GIMP when generating TIFF images
with transparency. Support is added for Grayscale and RGB images as it's
the two that we support right now but managing transparency should be
really straightforward for other types as well.
As per the specification, TIFF readers should gracefully skip samples
that they are not able to interpret.
This patch allow us to read `strike.tif` from the libtiff test suite as
an RGB image.
The number of samples is not a good measure to deduce the type of image
we are decoding. As per the TIFF spec, the PhotometricInterpretation tag
is required and we should use that instead.
This compression (tag Compression=2) is not very popular on its own, but
a base to implement CCITT3 2D and CCITT4 compressions.
As the format has no real benefits, it is quite hard to find an app that
accepts tho encode that for you. So I used the following program that
calls `libtiff` directly:
```cpp
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <tiffio.h>
// An array containing 0 and 1 of length width * height.
extern std::vector<uint8_t> array;
int main() {
// From: https://stackoverflow.com/a/34257789
TIFF *image = TIFFOpen("input.tif", "w");
int const width = 400;
int const height = 300;
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_IMAGEWIDTH, width);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_IMAGELENGTH, height);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_PHOTOMETRIC, 0);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_COMPRESSION, COMPRESSION_CCITTRLE);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_BITSPERSAMPLE, 1);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_SAMPLESPERPIXEL, 1);
TIFFSetField(image, TIFFTAG_ROWSPERSTRIP, 1);
std::vector<uint8_t> scan_line(width / 8 + 8, 0);
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < height; i++) {
std::fill(scan_line.begin(), scan_line.end(), 0);
for (int x = 0; x < width; ++x) {
uint8_t eight_pixels = scan_line.at(x / 8);
eight_pixels = eight_pixels << 1;
eight_pixels |= !array.at(i * width + x);
scan_line.at(x / 8) = eight_pixels;
}
int bytes = int(width / 8.0 + 0.5);
if (TIFFWriteScanline(image, scan_line.data(), i, bytes) != 1)
std::cerr << "Something went wrong\n";
}
TIFFClose(image);
}
```
As pointed out by @nico, while doing a right-shift to downscale is fine,
a left-shift to upscale gives wrong results. As an example, imagine a 2-
bits value containing 3, left-shifting it would give 192 instead of 255.
When the `TIFF_DEBUG` flag is set, the TIFF decoder logs every tag and
their values. This is already useful but require the developer to have
the spec handy in order to decrypt each value to its signification. None
of this information is available at runtime, but this is known by the
Python generator. So by generating these debug logs, we drastically
increase their value.
As a bonus point, most of these functions should be useful when we will
display image's metadata in Serenity.
Let's make the "read a sample" part independent of the decoder. That
will soon allow us to read samples based on the image's parameter
without duplicating the code for every decoder.
This change doesn't change much on its own. The idea behind this
refactoring is to separate the sample reading from the decoding step.
The decoder returning data byte per byte was fine as we only support
8 bits images, but this assumption won't hold for a long time. So let's
decode everything beforehand and strictly partition the sample reading
code somewhere else.
This tag type is a bit different as even if it fits in the general
definition given in the TIFF specification. That is the value will be of
one specified type multiplied by a known count. Having a
`Vector<Variant<u8, ...>>` will be very painful to use. So let's deviate
a bit from the normal way and use a `ByteBuffer` directly instead this
complicated type.
This will allow us to generate code that handle and provide easy access
to metadata stored in TIFF's tags. The generator is a Python script, and
it output both TIFFMetadata.h and TIFFTagHandler.cpp files.
The generator will definitely need some update to support all TIFF and
EXIF tags, but that will still be easier than writing everything
ourselves.
Some small modifications are needed in TIFFLoader.cpp to make it
compatible with the new `Metadata` class.
The differencing predictor is a different way to encode pixels in TIFF
images. Every pixel is encoded as a difference with the previous column
of the image, except the first column, obviously.
This parameter is materialized by a new tag for which reading was also
implemented.
