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            <h1>Create a Kubernetes Docker Cluster on Ubuntu Server</h1>
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          <div></div>
          <div id="content">
          <h2 class="hidden">Cluster VM Network Diagram</h2>

<p class="hidden"><img alt="Kubernetes Cluster Diagram" src="attachments/0421/diagram.jpg" title="Kubernetes Cluster Diagram" /></p>

<h2>Preparing the VMs</h2>

<ol>
	<li>Log into a freshly installed Ubuntu VM</li>
	<li>Run the following commands
	<div class="codeBlock"># set the hostname<br />
	sudo hostnamectl set-hostname kubernetes<br />
	# update hosts file<br />
	sudo nano /etc/hosts</div>
	</li>
	<li>Update the 127.0.01 to the new hostname, kubernetes</li>
	<li>Press CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X to write the changes to hosts</li>
	<li>Continue with the following commands
	<div class="codeBlock"># disable the firewall<br />
	sudo ufw disable<br />
	# disable the swap file<br />
	sudo swapoff -a<br />
	# disable swap partition<br />
	sudo sed -i &#39;/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g&#39; /etc/fstab<br />
	sudo echo &quot;vm.swappiness=0&quot; | sudo tee --append /etc/sysctl.conf<br />
	# update sysctl networking<br />
	cat &lt;<eof> net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1<br />
	net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1<br />
	EOF<eof><eof><br />
	sudo sysctl --system<br />
	# apply the changes<br />
	sudo sysctl -p</eof></eof></eof></div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Installing Docker</h2>

<ol>
	<li>Continue with the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"># install prerequisites<br />
	sudo apt install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl software-properties-common gnupg-agent -y<br />
	# add docker gpg key<br />
	curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -<br />
	# add docker software repository<br />
	sudo add-apt-repository &quot;deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable&quot;<br />
	# install docker<br />
	sudo apt install docker-ce docker-compose containerd.io -y<br />
	# enable and start docker service<br />
	sudo systemctl enable docker &amp;&amp; sudo systemctl start docker<br />
	# add the current user to the docker group<br />
	sudo usermod -aG docker $USER<br />
	# reauthenticate for the new group membership to take effect<br />
	su - $USER</div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Installing Kubernetes</h2>

<ol>
	<li>Continue with the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"># add kubernetes gpg key<br />
	curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -<br />
	# add the kubernetes software repo<br />
	echo &#39;deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main&#39; | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list<br />
	# update software repositories<br />
	sudo apt update<br />
	# install kubernetes<br />
	sudo apt install kubelet kubeadm kubectl -y<br />
	# shutdown the VM<br />
	sudo shutdown now</div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Cloning the VirtualBox VM</h2>

<ol>
	<li>In VirtualBox Manager, right click on the Kubernetes VM &gt; Clone...</li>
	<li>Name the cloned VM Docker1 &gt; Click Next</li>
	<li>Make sure Full Clone is selected &gt; Click Clone</li>
	<li>In VirtualBox Manager, right click on the Ubuntu VM again &gt; Clone...</li>
	<li>Name the cloned VM Docker2 &gt; Click Next</li>
	<li>Make sure Full Clone is selected &gt; Click Clone</li>
	<li>Right click the Kubernetes VM &gt; Start &gt; Normal Start</li>
	<li>Right click the Docker1 VM &gt; Start &gt; Normal Start</li>
	<li>Once the VM boots, log in and run the following commands
	<div class="codeBlock"># set the hostname<br />
	sudo hostnamectl set-hostname docker1<br />
	# update hosts file<br />
	sudo nano /etc/hosts</div>
	</li>
	<li>Update the 127.0.01 to the new hostname, docker1</li>
	<li>Press CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X to write the changes to hosts</li>
	<li>Reboot the VM with the following command
	<div class="codeBlock">sudo reboot now</div>
	</li>
	<li>Back in VirtualBox Manager, right click the Docker2 VM &gt; Start &gt; Normal Start</li>
	<li>Once the VM boots, log in and run the following commands
	<div class="codeBlock"># set the hostname<br />
	sudo hostnamectl set-hostname docker2<br />
	# update hosts file<br />
	sudo nano /etc/hosts</div>
	</li>
	<li>Update the 127.0.01 to the new hostname, docker2</li>
	<li>Press CTRL+O, Enter, CTRL+X to write the changes to hosts</li>
	<li>Reboot the VM with the following command
	<div class="codeBlock">sudo reboot now</div>
	</li>
	<li>At this point we have 3 Ubuntu VMs (kubernetes, docker1, docker2) running with swap disabled and docker and kubernetes installed</li>
	<li>All 3 VMs will need static IP addresses, I prefer to create static DHCP leases on my router for a single point of configuration, but the VM IP addresses can be set with the following command if needed
	<div class="codeBlock">sudo nano /etc/netplan/01-installer-config.yaml</div>
	</li>
	<li>Set DHCP4 = no and update the IP address, gateway and nameservers
	<p>dhcp4: no<br />
	addresses: [192.168.100.100/24]<br />
	gateway4: 192.168.100.1<br />
	nameservers:<br />
	addresses: [192.168.100.1,8.8.8.8]</p>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Configuring the Kubernetes Cluster</h2>

<p>Follow the steps below only on the kubernetes VM</p>

<ol>
	<li>Log into the kubernetes VM and run the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"># initialize the cluster, copy the kubeadm join command for use later when joining the docker hosts to the cluster<br />
	sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=10.10.27.100 --kubernetes-version &quot;1.20.4&quot;<br />
	# create .kube config directory and copy configuration<br />
	mkdir -p $HOME/.kube<br />
	sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config<br />
	sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config<br />
	# deploy the flannel network<br />
	kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml</div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Joining Docker Nodes to the Cluster</h2>

<p>Follow the steps below only on the docker1 and docker2 VMs</p>

<ol>
	<li>Log into each of the Docker VMs and run the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"># paste the kubeadm join command copied earlier, the command will look similar to the one below<br />
	sudo kubeadm join 10.10.27.100:6443 --token ua6bhl.wuzsqhnf0h40hgxr \<br />
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:69a89f8d81dbfc08e4098f3d43e42c78429369ca41cb2954bcbcbb15405d69ef</div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Verifying the Cluster and Testing</h2>

<p>Follow the steps below on the kubernetes VM</p>

<ol>
	<li>Log into kubernetes VM and run the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"><br />
	# list kubernetes nodes, all 3 VMs should be listed<br />
	kubectl get nodes<br />
	# deploy an example guestbook application<br />
	# deploy mongoDB<br />
	kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/guestbook/mongo-deployment.yaml<br />
	# deploy mongoDB service<br />
	kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/guestbook/mongo-service.yaml<br />
	# deploy guestbook frontend<br />
	kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/guestbook/frontend-deployment.yaml<br />
	# deploy frontend service<br />
	kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/guestbook/frontend-service.yaml<br />
	# watch as the pods are created and start running, press ctrl+c once all pods are in running status<br />
	watch -n 3 kubectl get pods<br />
	# forward host port 8080 to container port 80<br />
	kubectl port-forward --address 0.0.0.0 svc/frontend 8080:80</div>
	</li>
</ol>

<h2>Removing the Test Deployments</h2>

<p>Follow the steps below on the kubernetes VM</p>

<ol>
	<li>Log into kubernetes VM and run the following commands in terminal
	<div class="codeBlock"># list the running pods<br />
	kubectl get pods<br />
	# delete the test pods created earlier<br />
	kubectl delete deployment -l app.kubernetes.io/name=mongo<br />
	kubectl delete service -l app.kubernetes.io/name=mongo<br />
	kubectl delete deployment -l app.kubernetes.io/name=guestbook<br />
	kubectl delete service -l app.kubernetes.io/name=guestbook<br />
	# watch as the pods are terminated and deleted, press ctrl+c to return to the terminal<br />
	watch -n 3 kubectl get pods</div>
	</li>
</ol>
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