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rerun vndr

Browse source 
* run latest vndr so as to collect more LICENSE files
 * remove unused packages
 * vendor github.com/philhofer/fwd with LICENSE.md (MIT)
 * vendor github.com/bsphere/le_go with LICENSE (MIT)

Signed-off-by: Akihiro Suda <suda.akihiro@lab.ntt.co.jp>
This commit is contained in:
Akihiro Suda 2017-03-06 09:17:55 +00:00
parent fd5f9d7941
commit 5a1b06d7fd
148 changed files with 16898 additions and 30 deletions
Show stats Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

2
hack/dockerfile/binaries-commits
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@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ RUNC_COMMIT=a01dafd48bc1c7cc12bdb01206f9fea7dd6feb70
CONTAINERD_COMMIT=665e84e6c28653a9c29a6db601636a92d46896f3
TINI_COMMIT=949e6facb77383876aeff8a6944dde66b3089574
LIBNETWORK_COMMIT=7b2b1feb1de4817d522cc372af149ff48d25028e
VNDR_COMMIT=f56bd4504b4fad07a357913687fb652ee54bb3b0
VNDR_COMMIT=19220953c4a45310a4c404b7905154e29120249e
BINDATA_COMMIT=a0ff2567cfb70903282db057e799fd826784d41d

6
vendor.conf
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@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ github.com/Graylog2/go-gelf 7029da823dad4ef3a876df61065156acb703b2ea
github.com/fluent/fluent-logger-golang v1.2.1
# fluent-logger-golang deps
github.com/philhofer/fwd 899e4efba8eaa1fea74175308f3fae18ff3319fa
github.com/philhofer/fwd 98c11a7a6ec829d672b03833c3d69a7fae1ca972
github.com/tinylib/msgp 75ee40d2601edf122ef667e2a07d600d4c44490c
# fsnotify
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ github.com/go-ini/ini 060d7da055ba6ec5ea7a31f116332fe5efa04ce0
github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath 0b12d6b521d83fc7f755e7cfc1b1fbdd35a01a74
# logentries
github.com/bsphere/le_go d3308aafe090956bc89a65f0769f58251a1b4f03
github.com/bsphere/le_go 7a984a84b5492ae539b79b62fb4a10afc63c7bcf
# gcplogs deps
golang.org/x/oauth2 96382aa079b72d8c014eb0c50f6c223d1e6a2de0
@ -111,7 +111,6 @@ github.com/cloudflare/cfssl 7fb22c8cba7ecaf98e4082d22d65800cf45e042a
github.com/google/certificate-transparency d90e65c3a07988180c5b1ece71791c0b6506826e
golang.org/x/crypto 3fbbcd23f1cb824e69491a5930cfeff09b12f4d2
golang.org/x/time a4bde12657593d5e90d0533a3e4fd95e635124cb
github.com/mreiferson/go-httpclient 63fe23f7434723dc904c901043af07931f293c47
github.com/hashicorp/go-memdb cb9a474f84cc5e41b273b20c6927680b2a8776ad
github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix 8e8ed81f8f0bf1bdd829593fdd5c29922c1ea990
github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru a0d98a5f288019575c6d1f4bb1573fef2d1fcdc4
@ -122,7 +121,6 @@ github.com/beorn7/perks 4c0e84591b9aa9e6dcfdf3e020114cd81f89d5f9
github.com/prometheus/client_model fa8ad6fec33561be4280a8f0514318c79d7f6cb6
github.com/prometheus/common ebdfc6da46522d58825777cf1f90490a5b1ef1d8
github.com/prometheus/procfs abf152e5f3e97f2fafac028d2cc06c1feb87ffa5
bitbucket.org/ww/goautoneg 75cd24fc2f2c2a2088577d12123ddee5f54e0675
github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.0
github.com/pkg/errors 839d9e913e063e28dfd0e6c7b7512793e0a48be9
github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus 6b7015e65d366bf3f19b2b2a000a831940f0f7e0

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@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
# Google Cloud for Go
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-go.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-go)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go)
``` go
import "cloud.google.com/go"
```
Go packages for Google Cloud Platform services.
To install the packages on your system,
```
$ go get -u cloud.google.com/go/...
```
**NOTE:** These packages are under development, and may occasionally make
backwards-incompatible changes.
**NOTE:** Github repo is a mirror of [https://code.googlesource.com/gocloud](https://code.googlesource.com/gocloud).
## News
_December 5, 2016_
More changes to BigQuery:
* The `ValueList` type was removed. It is no longer necessary. Instead of
```go
var v ValueList
... it.Next(&v) ..
```
use
```go
var v []Value
... it.Next(&v) ...
```
* Previously, repeatedly calling `RowIterator.Next` on the same `[]Value` or
`ValueList` would append to the slice. Now each call resets the size to zero first.
* Schema inference will infer the SQL type BYTES for a struct field of
type []byte. Previously it inferred STRING.
* The types `uint`, `uint64` and `uintptr` are no longer supported in schema
inference. BigQuery's integer type is INT64, and those types may hold values
that are not correctly represented in a 64-bit signed integer.
* The SQL types DATE, TIME and DATETIME are now supported. They correspond to
the `Date`, `Time` and `DateTime` types in the new `cloud.google.com/go/civil`
package.
_November 17, 2016_
Change to BigQuery: values from INTEGER columns will now be returned as int64,
not int. This will avoid errors arising from large values on 32-bit systems.
_November 8, 2016_
New datastore feature: datastore now encodes your nested Go structs as Entity values,
instead of a flattened list of the embedded struct's fields.
This means that you may now have twice-nested slices, eg.
```go
type State struct {
Cities []struct{
Populations []int
}
}
```
See [the announcement](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/google-api-go-announce/79jtrdeuJAg) for
more details.
_November 8, 2016_
Breaking changes to datastore: contexts no longer hold namespaces; instead you
must set a key's namespace explicitly. Also, key functions have been changed
and renamed.
* The WithNamespace function has been removed. To specify a namespace in a Query, use the Query.Namespace method:
```go
q := datastore.NewQuery("Kind").Namespace("ns")
```
* All the fields of Key are exported. That means you can construct any Key with a struct literal:
```go
k := &Key{Kind: "Kind", ID: 37, Namespace: "ns"}
```
* As a result of the above, the Key methods Kind, ID, d.Name, Parent, SetParent and Namespace have been removed.
* `NewIncompleteKey` has been removed, replaced by `IncompleteKey`. Replace
```go
NewIncompleteKey(ctx, kind, parent)
```
with
```go
IncompleteKey(kind, parent)
```
and if you do use namespaces, make sure you set the namespace on the returned key.
* `NewKey` has been removed, replaced by `NameKey` and `IDKey`. Replace
```go
NewKey(ctx, kind, name, 0, parent)
NewKey(ctx, kind, "", id, parent)
```
with
```go
NameKey(kind, name, parent)
IDKey(kind, id, parent)
```
and if you do use namespaces, make sure you set the namespace on the returned key.
* The `Done` variable has been removed. Replace `datastore.Done` with `iterator.Done`, from the package `google.golang.org/api/iterator`.
* The `Client.Close` method will have a return type of error. It will return the result of closing the underlying gRPC connection.
See [the announcement](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/google-api-go-announce/hqXtM_4Ix-0) for
more details.
_October 27, 2016_
Breaking change to bigquery: `NewGCSReference` is now a function,
not a method on `Client`.
New bigquery feature: `Table.LoaderFrom` now accepts a `ReaderSource`, enabling
loading data into a table from a file or any `io.Reader`.
_October 21, 2016_
Breaking change to pubsub: removed `pubsub.Done`.
Use `iterator.Done` instead, where `iterator` is the package
`google.golang.org/api/iterator`.
[Older news](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-go/blob/master/old-news.md)
## Supported APIs
Google API | Status | Package
-------------------------------|--------------|-----------------------------------------------------------
[Datastore][cloud-datastore] | beta | [`cloud.google.com/go/datastore`][cloud-datastore-ref]
[Storage][cloud-storage] | beta | [`cloud.google.com/go/storage`][cloud-storage-ref]
[Bigtable][cloud-bigtable] | beta | [`cloud.google.com/go/bigtable`][cloud-bigtable-ref]
[BigQuery][cloud-bigquery] | beta | [`cloud.google.com/go/bigquery`][cloud-bigquery-ref]
[Logging][cloud-logging] | beta | [`cloud.google.com/go/logging`][cloud-logging-ref]
[Pub/Sub][cloud-pubsub] | experimental | [`cloud.google.com/go/pubsub`][cloud-pubsub-ref]
[Vision][cloud-vision] | experimental | [`cloud.google.com/go/vision`][cloud-vision-ref]
[Language][cloud-language] | experimental | [`cloud.google.com/go/language/apiv1beta1`][cloud-language-ref]
[Speech][cloud-speech] | experimental | [`cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1beta`][cloud-speech-ref]
> **Experimental status**: the API is still being actively developed. As a
> result, it might change in backward-incompatible ways and is not recommended
> for production use.
>
> **Beta status**: the API is largely complete, but still has outstanding
> features and bugs to be addressed. There may be minor backwards-incompatible
> changes where necessary.
>
> **Stable status**: the API is mature and ready for production use. We will
> continue addressing bugs and feature requests.
Documentation and examples are available at
https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go
Visit or join the
[google-api-go-announce group](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/google-api-go-announce)
for updates on these packages.
## Go Versions Supported
We support the two most recent major versions of Go. If Google App Engine uses
an older version, we support that as well. You can see which versions are
currently supported by looking at the lines following `go:` in
[`.travis.yml`](.travis.yml).
## Authorization
By default, each API will use [Google Application Default Credentials][default-creds]
for authorization credentials used in calling the API endpoints. This will allow your
application to run in many environments without requiring explicit configuration.
To authorize using a
[JSON key file](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/managing-service-account-keys),
pass
[`option.WithServiceAccountFile`](https://godoc.org/google.golang.org/api/option#WithServiceAccountFile)
to the `NewClient` function of the desired package. For example:
```go
client, err := storage.NewClient(ctx, option.WithServiceAccountFile("path/to/keyfile.json"))
```
You can exert more control over authorization by using the
[`golang.org/x/oauth2`](https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/oauth2) package to
create an `oauth2.TokenSource`. Then pass
[`option.WithTokenSource`](https://godoc.org/google.golang.org/api/option#WithTokenSource)
to the `NewClient` function:
```go
tokenSource := ...
client, err := storage.NewClient(ctx, option.WithTokenSource(tokenSource))
```
## Cloud Datastore [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/datastore?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/datastore)
- [About Cloud Datastore][cloud-datastore]
- [Activating the API for your project][cloud-datastore-activation]
- [API documentation][cloud-datastore-docs]
- [Go client documentation](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/datastore)
- [Complete sample program](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/tree/master/datastore/tasks)
### Example Usage
First create a `datastore.Client` to use throughout your application:
```go
client, err := datastore.NewClient(ctx, "my-project-id")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
Then use that client to interact with the API:
```go
type Post struct {
Title string
Body string `datastore:",noindex"`
PublishedAt time.Time
}
keys := []*datastore.Key{
datastore.NewKey(ctx, "Post", "post1", 0, nil),
datastore.NewKey(ctx, "Post", "post2", 0, nil),
}
posts := []*Post{
{Title: "Post 1", Body: "...", PublishedAt: time.Now()},
{Title: "Post 2", Body: "...", PublishedAt: time.Now()},
}
if _, err := client.PutMulti(ctx, keys, posts); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
## Cloud Storage [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/storage?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/storage)
- [About Cloud Storage][cloud-storage]
- [API documentation][cloud-storage-docs]
- [Go client documentation](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/storage)
- [Complete sample programs](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/tree/master/storage)
### Example Usage
First create a `storage.Client` to use throughout your application:
```go
client, err := storage.NewClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
```go
// Read the object1 from bucket.
rc, err := client.Bucket("bucket").Object("object1").NewReader(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer rc.Close()
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(rc)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
## Cloud Pub/Sub [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub)
- [About Cloud Pubsub][cloud-pubsub]
- [API documentation][cloud-pubsub-docs]
- [Go client documentation](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub)
- [Complete sample programs](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/tree/master/pubsub)
### Example Usage
First create a `pubsub.Client` to use throughout your application:
```go
client, err := pubsub.NewClient(ctx, "project-id")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
```go
// Publish "hello world" on topic1.
topic := client.Topic("topic1")
msgIDs, err := topic.Publish(ctx, &pubsub.Message{
Data: []byte("hello world"),
})
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Create an iterator to pull messages via subscription1.
it, err := client.Subscription("subscription1").Pull(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Println(err)
}
defer it.Stop()
// Consume N messages from the iterator.
for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
msg, err := it.Next()
if err == iterator.Done {
break
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to retrieve message: %v", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Message %d: %s\n", i, msg.Data)
msg.Done(true) // Acknowledge that we've consumed the message.
}
```
## Cloud BigQuery [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/bigquery?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/bigquery)
- [About Cloud BigQuery][cloud-bigquery]
- [API documentation][cloud-bigquery-docs]
- [Go client documentation][cloud-bigquery-ref]
- [Complete sample programs](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/tree/master/bigquery)
### Example Usage
First create a `bigquery.Client` to use throughout your application:
```go
c, err := bigquery.NewClient(ctx, "my-project-ID")
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
```
Then use that client to interact with the API:
```go
// Construct a query.
q := c.Query(`
SELECT year, SUM(number)
FROM [bigquery-public-data:usa_names.usa_1910_2013]
WHERE name = "William"
GROUP BY year
ORDER BY year
`)
// Execute the query.
it, err := q.Read(ctx)
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
// Iterate through the results.
for {
var values bigquery.ValueList
err := it.Next(&values)
if err == iterator.Done {
break
}
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
fmt.Println(values)
}
```
## Stackdriver Logging [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/logging?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/logging)
- [About Stackdriver Logging][cloud-logging]
- [API documentation][cloud-logging-docs]
- [Go client documentation][cloud-logging-ref]
- [Complete sample programs](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/golang-samples/tree/master/logging)
### Example Usage
First create a `logging.Client` to use throughout your application:
```go
ctx := context.Background()
client, err := logging.NewClient(ctx, "my-project")
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
```
Usually, you'll want to add log entries to a buffer to be periodically flushed
(automatically and asynchronously) to the Stackdriver Logging service.
```go
logger := client.Logger("my-log")
logger.Log(logging.Entry{Payload: "something happened!"})
```
Close your client before your program exits, to flush any buffered log entries.
```go
err = client.Close()
if err != nil {
// TODO: Handle error.
}
```
## Contributing
Contributions are welcome. Please, see the
[CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-go/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
document for details. We're using Gerrit for our code reviews. Please don't open pull
requests against this repo, new pull requests will be automatically closed.
Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct.
By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.
See [Contributor Code of Conduct](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/google-cloud-go/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#contributor-code-of-conduct)
for more information.
[cloud-datastore]: https://cloud.google.com/datastore/
[cloud-datastore-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/datastore
[cloud-datastore-docs]: https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs
[cloud-datastore-activation]: https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/activate
[cloud-pubsub]: https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/
[cloud-pubsub-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/pubsub
[cloud-pubsub-docs]: https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs
[cloud-storage]: https://cloud.google.com/storage/
[cloud-storage-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/storage
[cloud-storage-docs]: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs
[cloud-storage-create-bucket]: https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/cloud-console#_creatingbuckets
[cloud-bigtable]: https://cloud.google.com/bigtable/
[cloud-bigtable-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/bigtable
[cloud-bigquery]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/
[cloud-bigquery-docs]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs
[cloud-bigquery-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/bigquery
[cloud-logging]: https://cloud.google.com/logging/
[cloud-logging-docs]: https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs
[cloud-logging-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/logging
[cloud-vision]: https://cloud.google.com/vision/
[cloud-vision-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/vision
[cloud-language]: https://cloud.google.com/natural-language
[cloud-language-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/language/apiv1beta1
[cloud-speech]: https://cloud.google.com/speech
[cloud-speech-ref]: https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/speech/apiv1beta1
[default-creds]: https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/application-default-credentials

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Auto-generated logging v2 clients
=================================
This package includes auto-generated clients for the logging v2 API.
Use the handwritten logging client (in the parent directory,
cloud.google.com/go/logging) in preference to this.
This code is EXPERIMENTAL and subject to CHANGE AT ANY TIME.

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# go-ansiterm
This is a cross platform Ansi Terminal Emulation library. It reads a stream of Ansi characters and produces the appropriate function calls. The results of the function calls are platform dependent.
For example the parser might receive "ESC, [, A" as a stream of three characters. This is the code for Cursor Up (http://www.vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/CUU). The parser then calls the cursor up function (CUU()) on an event handler. The event handler determines what platform specific work must be done to cause the cursor to move up one position.
The parser (parser.go) is a partial implementation of this state machine (http://vt100.net/emu/vt500_parser.png). There are also two event handler implementations, one for tests (test_event_handler.go) to validate that the expected events are being produced and called, the other is a Windows implementation (winterm/win_event_handler.go).
See parser_test.go for examples exercising the state machine and generating appropriate function calls.

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## TOML parser and encoder for Go with reflection
TOML stands for Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language. This Go package provides a
reflection interface similar to Go's standard library `json` and `xml`
packages. This package also supports the `encoding.TextUnmarshaler` and
`encoding.TextMarshaler` interfaces so that you can define custom data
representations. (There is an example of this below.)
Spec: https://github.com/mojombo/toml
Compatible with TOML version
[v0.2.0](https://github.com/mojombo/toml/blob/master/versions/toml-v0.2.0.md)
Documentation: http://godoc.org/github.com/BurntSushi/toml
Installation:
```bash
go get github.com/BurntSushi/toml
```
Try the toml validator:
```bash
go get github.com/BurntSushi/toml/cmd/tomlv
tomlv some-toml-file.toml
```
[![Build status](https://api.travis-ci.org/BurntSushi/toml.png)](https://travis-ci.org/BurntSushi/toml)
### Testing
This package passes all tests in
[toml-test](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml-test) for both the decoder
and the encoder.
### Examples
This package works similarly to how the Go standard library handles `XML`
and `JSON`. Namely, data is loaded into Go values via reflection.
For the simplest example, consider some TOML file as just a list of keys
and values:
```toml
Age = 25
Cats = [ "Cauchy", "Plato" ]
Pi = 3.14
Perfection = [ 6, 28, 496, 8128 ]
DOB = 1987-07-05T05:45:00Z
```
Which could be defined in Go as:
```go
type Config struct {
Age int
Cats []string
Pi float64
Perfection []int
DOB time.Time // requires `import time`
}
```
And then decoded with:
```go
var conf Config
if _, err := toml.Decode(tomlData, &conf); err != nil {
// handle error
}
```
You can also use struct tags if your struct field name doesn't map to a TOML
key value directly:
```toml
some_key_NAME = "wat"
```
```go
type TOML struct {
ObscureKey string `toml:"some_key_NAME"`
}
```
### Using the `encoding.TextUnmarshaler` interface
Here's an example that automatically parses duration strings into
`time.Duration` values:
```toml
[[song]]
name = "Thunder Road"
duration = "4m49s"
[[song]]
name = "Stairway to Heaven"
duration = "8m03s"
```
Which can be decoded with:
```go
type song struct {
Name string
Duration duration
}
type songs struct {
Song []song
}
var favorites songs
if _, err := toml.Decode(blob, &favorites); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
for _, s := range favorites.Song {
fmt.Printf("%s (%s)\n", s.Name, s.Duration)
}
```
And you'll also need a `duration` type that satisfies the
`encoding.TextUnmarshaler` interface:
```go
type duration struct {
time.Duration
}
func (d *duration) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
var err error
d.Duration, err = time.ParseDuration(string(text))
return err
}
```
### More complex usage
Here's an example of how to load the example from the official spec page:
```toml
# This is a TOML document. Boom.
title = "TOML Example"
[owner]
name = "Tom Preston-Werner"
organization = "GitHub"
bio = "GitHub Cofounder & CEO\nLikes tater tots and beer."
dob = 1979-05-27T07:32:00Z # First class dates? Why not?
[database]
server = "192.168.1.1"
ports = [ 8001, 8001, 8002 ]
connection_max = 5000
enabled = true
[servers]
# You can indent as you please. Tabs or spaces. TOML don't care.
[servers.alpha]
ip = "10.0.0.1"
dc = "eqdc10"
[servers.beta]
ip = "10.0.0.2"
dc = "eqdc10"
[clients]
data = [ ["gamma", "delta"], [1, 2] ] # just an update to make sure parsers support it
# Line breaks are OK when inside arrays
hosts = [
"alpha",
"omega"
]
```
And the corresponding Go types are:
```go
type tomlConfig struct {
Title string
Owner ownerInfo
DB database `toml:"database"`
Servers map[string]server
Clients clients
}
type ownerInfo struct {
Name string
Org string `toml:"organization"`
Bio string
DOB time.Time
}
type database struct {
Server string
Ports []int
ConnMax int `toml:"connection_max"`
Enabled bool
}
type server struct {
IP string
DC string
}
type clients struct {
Data [][]interface{}
Hosts []string
}
```
Note that a case insensitive match will be tried if an exact match can't be
found.
A working example of the above can be found in `_examples/example.{go,toml}`.

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go-gelf - GELF library and writer for Go
========================================
GELF is graylog2's UDP logging format. This library provides an API
that applications can use to log messages directly to a graylog2
server, along with an `io.Writer` that can be use to redirect the
standard library's log messages (or `os.Stdout`), to a graylog2 server.
Installing
----------
go-gelf is go get-able:
go get github.com/Graylog2/go-gelf/gelf
Usage
-----
The easiest way to integrate graylog logging into your go app is by
having your `main` function (or even `init`) call `log.SetOutput()`.
By using an `io.MultiWriter`, we can log to both stdout and graylog -
giving us both centralized and local logs. (Redundancy is nice).
package main
import (
"flag"
"github.com/Graylog2/go-gelf/gelf"
"io"
"log"
"os"
)
func main() {
var graylogAddr string
flag.StringVar(&graylogAddr, "graylog", "", "graylog server addr")
flag.Parse()
if graylogAddr != "" {
gelfWriter, err := gelf.NewWriter(graylogAddr)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("gelf.NewWriter: %s", err)
}
// log to both stderr and graylog2
log.SetOutput(io.MultiWriter(os.Stderr, gelfWriter))
log.Printf("logging to stderr & graylog2@'%s'", graylogAddr)
}
// From here on out, any calls to log.Print* functions
// will appear on stdout, and be sent over UDP to the
// specified Graylog2 server.
log.Printf("Hello gray World")
// ...
}
The above program can be invoked as:
go run test.go -graylog=localhost:12201
Because GELF messages are sent over UDP, graylog server availability
doesn't impact application performance or response time. There is a
small, fixed overhead per log call, regardless of whether the target
server is reachable or not.
To Do
-----
- WriteMessage example
License
-------
go-gelf is offered under the MIT license, see LICENSE for details.

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# go-winio
This repository contains utilities for efficiently performing Win32 IO operations in
Go. Currently, this is focused on accessing named pipes and other file handles, and
for using named pipes as a net transport.
This code relies on IO completion ports to avoid blocking IO on system threads, allowing Go
to reuse the thread to schedule another goroutine. This limits support to Windows Vista and
newer operating systems. This is similar to the implementation of network sockets in Go's net
package.
Please see the LICENSE file for licensing information.
This project has adopted the [Microsoft Open Source Code of
Conduct](https://opensource.microsoft.com/codeofconduct/). For more information
see the [Code of Conduct
FAQ](https://opensource.microsoft.com/codeofconduct/faq/) or contact
[opencode@microsoft.com](mailto:opencode@microsoft.com) with any additional
questions or comments.
Thanks to natefinch for the inspiration for this library. See https://github.com/natefinch/npipe
for another named pipe implementation.

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# hcsshim
This package supports launching Windows Server containers from Go. It is
primarily used in the [Docker Engine](https://github.com/docker/docker) project,
but it can be freely used by other projects as well.
This project has adopted the [Microsoft Open Source Code of
Conduct](https://opensource.microsoft.com/codeofconduct/). For more information
see the [Code of Conduct
FAQ](https://opensource.microsoft.com/codeofconduct/faq/) or contact
[opencode@microsoft.com](mailto:opencode@microsoft.com) with any additional
questions or comments.

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Gotty is a library written in Go that determines and reads termcap database
files to produce an interface for interacting with the capabilities of a
terminal.
See the godoc documentation or the source code for more information about
function usage.

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[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/RackSec/srslog.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/RackSec/srslog)
# srslog
Go has a `syslog` package in the standard library, but it has the following
shortcomings:
1. It doesn't have TLS support
2. [According to bradfitz on the Go team, it is no longer being maintained.](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/13449#issuecomment-161204716)
I agree that it doesn't need to be in the standard library. So, I've
followed Brad's suggestion and have made a separate project to handle syslog.
This code was taken directly from the Go project as a base to start from.
However, this _does_ have TLS support.
# Usage
Basic usage retains the same interface as the original `syslog` package. We
only added to the interface where required to support new functionality.
Switch from the standard library:
```
import(
//"log/syslog"
syslog "github.com/RackSec/srslog"
)
```
You can still use it for local syslog:
```
w, err := syslog.Dial("", "", syslog.LOG_ERR, "testtag")
```
Or to unencrypted UDP:
```
w, err := syslog.Dial("udp", "192.168.0.50:514", syslog.LOG_ERR, "testtag")
```
Or to unencrypted TCP:
```
w, err := syslog.Dial("tcp", "192.168.0.51:514", syslog.LOG_ERR, "testtag")
```
But now you can also send messages via TLS-encrypted TCP:
```
w, err := syslog.DialWithTLSCertPath("tcp+tls", "192.168.0.52:514", syslog.LOG_ERR, "testtag", "/path/to/servercert.pem")
```
And if you need more control over your TLS configuration :
```
pool := x509.NewCertPool()
serverCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/path/to/servercert.pem")
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
pool.AppendCertsFromPEM(serverCert)
config := tls.Config{
RootCAs: pool,
}
w, err := DialWithTLSConfig(network, raddr, priority, tag, &config)
```
(Note that in both TLS cases, this uses a self-signed certificate, where the
remote syslog server has the keypair and the client has only the public key.)
And then to write log messages, continue like so:
```
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("failed to connect to syslog:", err)
}
defer w.Close()
w.Alert("this is an alert")
w.Crit("this is critical")
w.Err("this is an error")
w.Warning("this is a warning")
w.Notice("this is a notice")
w.Info("this is info")
w.Debug("this is debug")
w.Write([]byte("these are some bytes"))
```
# Generating TLS Certificates
We've provided a script that you can use to generate a self-signed keypair:
```
pip install cryptography
python script/gen-certs.py
```
That outputs the public key and private key to standard out. Put those into
`.pem` files. (And don't put them into any source control. The certificate in
the `test` directory is used by the unit tests, and please do not actually use
it anywhere else.)
# Running Tests
Run the tests as usual:
```
go test
```
But we've also provided a test coverage script that will show you which
lines of code are not covered:
```
script/coverage --html
```
That will open a new browser tab showing coverage information.
# License
This project uses the New BSD License, the same as the Go project itself.
# Code of Conduct
Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct.
By participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms.

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# Logrus <img src="http://i.imgur.com/hTeVwmJ.png" width="40" height="40" alt=":walrus:" class="emoji" title=":walrus:"/>&nbsp;[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/Sirupsen/logrus.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/Sirupsen/logrus)&nbsp;[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus)
Logrus is a structured logger for Go (golang), completely API compatible with
the standard library logger. [Godoc][godoc]. **Please note the Logrus API is not
yet stable (pre 1.0). Logrus itself is completely stable and has been used in
many large deployments. The core API is unlikely to change much but please
version control your Logrus to make sure you aren't fetching latest `master` on
every build.**
Nicely color-coded in development (when a TTY is attached, otherwise just
plain text):
![Colored](http://i.imgur.com/PY7qMwd.png)
With `log.SetFormatter(&log.JSONFormatter{})`, for easy parsing by logstash
or Splunk:
```json
{"animal":"walrus","level":"info","msg":"A group of walrus emerges from the
ocean","size":10,"time":"2014-03-10 19:57:38.562264131 -0400 EDT"}
{"level":"warning","msg":"The group's number increased tremendously!",
"number":122,"omg":true,"time":"2014-03-10 19:57:38.562471297 -0400 EDT"}
{"animal":"walrus","level":"info","msg":"A giant walrus appears!",
"size":10,"time":"2014-03-10 19:57:38.562500591 -0400 EDT"}
{"animal":"walrus","level":"info","msg":"Tremendously sized cow enters the ocean.",
"size":9,"time":"2014-03-10 19:57:38.562527896 -0400 EDT"}
{"level":"fatal","msg":"The ice breaks!","number":100,"omg":true,
"time":"2014-03-10 19:57:38.562543128 -0400 EDT"}
```
With the default `log.SetFormatter(&log.TextFormatter{})` when a TTY is not
attached, the output is compatible with the
[logfmt](http://godoc.org/github.com/kr/logfmt) format:
```text
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=debug msg="Started observing beach" animal=walrus number=8
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=info msg="A group of walrus emerges from the ocean" animal=walrus size=10
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=warning msg="The group's number increased tremendously!" number=122 omg=true
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=debug msg="Temperature changes" temperature=-4
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=panic msg="It's over 9000!" animal=orca size=9009
time="2015-03-26T01:27:38-04:00" level=fatal msg="The ice breaks!" err=&{0x2082280c0 map[animal:orca size:9009] 2015-03-26 01:27:38.441574009 -0400 EDT panic It's over 9000!} number=100 omg=true
exit status 1
```
#### Example
The simplest way to use Logrus is simply the package-level exported logger:
```go
package main
import (
log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
)
func main() {
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"animal": "walrus",
}).Info("A walrus appears")
}
```
Note that it's completely api-compatible with the stdlib logger, so you can
replace your `log` imports everywhere with `log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"`
and you'll now have the flexibility of Logrus. You can customize it all you
want:
```go
package main
import (
"os"
log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
)
func init() {
// Log as JSON instead of the default ASCII formatter.
log.SetFormatter(&log.JSONFormatter{})
// Output to stderr instead of stdout, could also be a file.
log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)
// Only log the warning severity or above.
log.SetLevel(log.WarnLevel)
}
func main() {
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"animal": "walrus",
"size": 10,
}).Info("A group of walrus emerges from the ocean")
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"omg": true,
"number": 122,
}).Warn("The group's number increased tremendously!")
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"omg": true,
"number": 100,
}).Fatal("The ice breaks!")
// A common pattern is to re-use fields between logging statements by re-using
// the logrus.Entry returned from WithFields()
contextLogger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"common": "this is a common field",
"other": "I also should be logged always",
})
contextLogger.Info("I'll be logged with common and other field")
contextLogger.Info("Me too")
}
```
For more advanced usage such as logging to multiple locations from the same
application, you can also create an instance of the `logrus` Logger:
```go
package main
import (
"github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
)
// Create a new instance of the logger. You can have any number of instances.
var log = logrus.New()
func main() {
// The API for setting attributes is a little different than the package level
// exported logger. See Godoc.
log.Out = os.Stderr
log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
"animal": "walrus",
"size": 10,
}).Info("A group of walrus emerges from the ocean")
}
```
#### Fields
Logrus encourages careful, structured logging though logging fields instead of
long, unparseable error messages. For example, instead of: `log.Fatalf("Failed
to send event %s to topic %s with key %d")`, you should log the much more
discoverable:
```go
log.WithFields(log.Fields{
"event": event,
"topic": topic,
"key": key,
}).Fatal("Failed to send event")
```
We've found this API forces you to think about logging in a way that produces
much more useful logging messages. We've been in countless situations where just
a single added field to a log statement that was already there would've saved us
hours. The `WithFields` call is optional.
In general, with Logrus using any of the `printf`-family functions should be
seen as a hint you should add a field, however, you can still use the
`printf`-family functions with Logrus.
#### Hooks
You can add hooks for logging levels. For example to send errors to an exception
tracking service on `Error`, `Fatal` and `Panic`, info to StatsD or log to
multiple places simultaneously, e.g. syslog.
Logrus comes with [built-in hooks](hooks/). Add those, or your custom hook, in
`init`:
```go
import (
log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
"gopkg.in/gemnasium/logrus-airbrake-hook.v2" // the package is named "aibrake"
logrus_syslog "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/hooks/syslog"
"log/syslog"
)
func init() {
// Use the Airbrake hook to report errors that have Error severity or above to
// an exception tracker. You can create custom hooks, see the Hooks section.
log.AddHook(airbrake.NewHook(123, "xyz", "production"))
hook, err := logrus_syslog.NewSyslogHook("udp", "localhost:514", syslog.LOG_INFO, "")
if err != nil {
log.Error("Unable to connect to local syslog daemon")
} else {
log.AddHook(hook)
}
}
```
Note: Syslog hook also support connecting to local syslog (Ex. "/dev/log" or "/var/run/syslog" or "/var/run/log"). For the detail, please check the [syslog hook README](hooks/syslog/README.md).
| Hook | Description |
| ----- | ----------- |
| [Airbrake](https://github.com/gemnasium/logrus-airbrake-hook) | Send errors to the Airbrake API V3. Uses the official [`gobrake`](https://github.com/airbrake/gobrake) behind the scenes. |
| [Airbrake "legacy"](https://github.com/gemnasium/logrus-airbrake-legacy-hook) | Send errors to an exception tracking service compatible with the Airbrake API V2. Uses [`airbrake-go`](https://github.com/tobi/airbrake-go) behind the scenes. |
| [Papertrail](https://github.com/polds/logrus-papertrail-hook) | Send errors to the [Papertrail](https://papertrailapp.com) hosted logging service via UDP. |
| [Syslog](https://github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/blob/master/hooks/syslog/syslog.go) | Send errors to remote syslog server. Uses standard library `log/syslog` behind the scenes. |
| [Bugsnag](https://github.com/Shopify/logrus-bugsnag/blob/master/bugsnag.go) | Send errors to the Bugsnag exception tracking service. |
| [Sentry](https://github.com/evalphobia/logrus_sentry) | Send errors to the Sentry error logging and aggregation service. |
| [Hiprus](https://github.com/nubo/hiprus) | Send errors to a channel in hipchat. |
| [Logrusly](https://github.com/sebest/logrusly) | Send logs to [Loggly](https://www.loggly.com/) |
| [Slackrus](https://github.com/johntdyer/slackrus) | Hook for Slack chat. |
| [Journalhook](https://github.com/wercker/journalhook) | Hook for logging to `systemd-journald` |
| [Graylog](https://github.com/gemnasium/logrus-graylog-hook) | Hook for logging to [Graylog](http://graylog2.org/) |
| [Raygun](https://github.com/squirkle/logrus-raygun-hook) | Hook for logging to [Raygun.io](http://raygun.io/) |
| [LFShook](https://github.com/rifflock/lfshook) | Hook for logging to the local filesystem |
| [Honeybadger](https://github.com/agonzalezro/logrus_honeybadger) | Hook for sending exceptions to Honeybadger |
| [Mail](https://github.com/zbindenren/logrus_mail) | Hook for sending exceptions via mail |
| [Rollrus](https://github.com/heroku/rollrus) | Hook for sending errors to rollbar |
| [Fluentd](https://github.com/evalphobia/logrus_fluent) | Hook for logging to fluentd |
| [Mongodb](https://github.com/weekface/mgorus) | Hook for logging to mongodb |
| [Influxus] (http://github.com/vlad-doru/influxus) | Hook for concurrently logging to [InfluxDB] (http://influxdata.com/) |
| [InfluxDB](https://github.com/Abramovic/logrus_influxdb) | Hook for logging to influxdb |
| [Octokit](https://github.com/dorajistyle/logrus-octokit-hook) | Hook for logging to github via octokit |
| [DeferPanic](https://github.com/deferpanic/dp-logrus) | Hook for logging to DeferPanic |
| [Redis-Hook](https://github.com/rogierlommers/logrus-redis-hook) | Hook for logging to a ELK stack (through Redis) |
| [Amqp-Hook](https://github.com/vladoatanasov/logrus_amqp) | Hook for logging to Amqp broker (Like RabbitMQ) |
| [KafkaLogrus](https://github.com/goibibo/KafkaLogrus) | Hook for logging to kafka |
| [Typetalk](https://github.com/dragon3/logrus-typetalk-hook) | Hook for logging to [Typetalk](https://www.typetalk.in/) |
| [ElasticSearch](https://github.com/sohlich/elogrus) | Hook for logging to ElasticSearch|
| [Sumorus](https://github.com/doublefree/sumorus) | Hook for logging to [SumoLogic](https://www.sumologic.com/)|
| [Scribe](https://github.com/sagar8192/logrus-scribe-hook) | Hook for logging to [Scribe](https://github.com/facebookarchive/scribe)|
| [Logstash](https://github.com/bshuster-repo/logrus-logstash-hook) | Hook for logging to [Logstash](https://www.elastic.co/products/logstash) |
| [logz.io](https://github.com/ripcurld00d/logrus-logzio-hook) | Hook for logging to [logz.io](https://logz.io), a Log as a Service using Logstash |
| [Logmatic.io](https://github.com/logmatic/logmatic-go) | Hook for logging to [Logmatic.io](http://logmatic.io/) |
| [Pushover](https://github.com/toorop/logrus_pushover) | Send error via [Pushover](https://pushover.net) |
#### Level logging
Logrus has six logging levels: Debug, Info, Warning, Error, Fatal and Panic.
```go
log.Debug("Useful debugging information.")
log.Info("Something noteworthy happened!")
log.Warn("You should probably take a look at this.")
log.Error("Something failed but I'm not quitting.")
// Calls os.Exit(1) after logging
log.Fatal("Bye.")
// Calls panic() after logging
log.Panic("I'm bailing.")
```
You can set the logging level on a `Logger`, then it will only log entries with
that severity or anything above it:
```go
// Will log anything that is info or above (warn, error, fatal, panic). Default.
log.SetLevel(log.InfoLevel)
```
It may be useful to set `log.Level = logrus.DebugLevel` in a debug or verbose
environment if your application has that.
#### Entries
Besides the fields added with `WithField` or `WithFields` some fields are
automatically added to all logging events:
1. `time`. The timestamp when the entry was created.
2. `msg`. The logging message passed to `{Info,Warn,Error,Fatal,Panic}` after
the `AddFields` call. E.g. `Failed to send event.`
3. `level`. The logging level. E.g. `info`.
#### Environments
Logrus has no notion of environment.
If you wish for hooks and formatters to only be used in specific environments,
you should handle that yourself. For example, if your application has a global
variable `Environment`, which is a string representation of the environment you
could do:
```go
import (
log "github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
)
init() {
// do something here to set environment depending on an environment variable
// or command-line flag
if Environment == "production" {
log.SetFormatter(&log.JSONFormatter{})
} else {
// The TextFormatter is default, you don't actually have to do this.
log.SetFormatter(&log.TextFormatter{})
}
}
```
This configuration is how `logrus` was intended to be used, but JSON in
production is mostly only useful if you do log aggregation with tools like
Splunk or Logstash.
#### Formatters
The built-in logging formatters are:
* `logrus.TextFormatter`. Logs the event in colors if stdout is a tty, otherwise
without colors.
* *Note:* to force colored output when there is no TTY, set the `ForceColors`
field to `true`. To force no colored output even if there is a TTY set the
`DisableColors` field to `true`
* `logrus.JSONFormatter`. Logs fields as JSON.
Third party logging formatters:
* [`logstash`](https://github.com/bshuster-repo/logrus-logstash-hook). Logs fields as [Logstash](http://logstash.net) Events.
* [`prefixed`](https://github.com/x-cray/logrus-prefixed-formatter). Displays log entry source along with alternative layout.
* [`zalgo`](https://github.com/aybabtme/logzalgo). Invoking the P͉̫o̳̼̊w̖͈̰͎e̬͔̭͂r͚̼̹̲ ̫͓͉̳͈ō̠͕͖̚f̝͍̠ ͕̲̞͖͑Z̖̫̤̫ͪa͉̬͈̗l͖͎g̳̥o̰̥̅!̣͔̲̻͊̄ ̙̘̦̹̦.
You can define your formatter by implementing the `Formatter` interface,
requiring a `Format` method. `Format` takes an `*Entry`. `entry.Data` is a
`Fields` type (`map[string]interface{}`) with all your fields as well as the
default ones (see Entries section above):
```go
type MyJSONFormatter struct {
}
log.SetFormatter(new(MyJSONFormatter))
func (f *MyJSONFormatter) Format(entry *Entry) ([]byte, error) {
// Note this doesn't include Time, Level and Message which are available on
// the Entry. Consult `godoc` on information about those fields or read the
// source of the official loggers.
serialized, err := json.Marshal(entry.Data)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to marshal fields to JSON, %v", err)
}
return append(serialized, '\n'), nil
}
```
#### Logger as an `io.Writer`
Logrus can be transformed into an `io.Writer`. That writer is the end of an `io.Pipe` and it is your responsibility to close it.
```go
w := logger.Writer()
defer w.Close()
srv := http.Server{
// create a stdlib log.Logger that writes to
// logrus.Logger.
ErrorLog: log.New(w, "", 0),
}
```
Each line written to that writer will be printed the usual way, using formatters
and hooks. The level for those entries is `info`.
#### Rotation
Log rotation is not provided with Logrus. Log rotation should be done by an
external program (like `logrotate(8)`) that can compress and delete old log
entries. It should not be a feature of the application-level logger.
#### Tools
| Tool | Description |
| ---- | ----------- |
|[Logrus Mate](https://github.com/gogap/logrus_mate)|Logrus mate is a tool for Logrus to manage loggers, you can initial logger's level, hook and formatter by config file, the logger will generated with different config at different environment.|
|[Logrus Viper Helper](https://github.com/heirko/go-contrib/tree/master/logrusHelper)|An Helper arround Logrus to wrap with spf13/Viper to load configuration with fangs! And to simplify Logrus configuration use some behavior of [Logrus Mate](https://github.com/gogap/logrus_mate). [sample](https://github.com/heirko/iris-contrib/blob/master/middleware/logrus-logger/example) |
#### Testing
Logrus has a built in facility for asserting the presence of log messages. This is implemented through the `test` hook and provides:
* decorators for existing logger (`test.NewLocal` and `test.NewGlobal`) which basically just add the `test` hook
* a test logger (`test.NewNullLogger`) that just records log messages (and does not output any):
```go
logger, hook := NewNullLogger()
logger.Error("Hello error")
assert.Equal(1, len(hook.Entries))
assert.Equal(logrus.ErrorLevel, hook.LastEntry().Level)
assert.Equal("Hello error", hook.LastEntry().Message)
hook.Reset()
assert.Nil(hook.LastEntry())
```
#### Fatal handlers
Logrus can register one or more functions that will be called when any `fatal`
level message is logged. The registered handlers will be executed before
logrus performs a `os.Exit(1)`. This behavior may be helpful if callers need
to gracefully shutdown. Unlike a `panic("Something went wrong...")` call which can be intercepted with a deferred `recover` a call to `os.Exit(1)` can not be intercepted.
```
...
handler := func() {
// gracefully shutdown something...
}
logrus.RegisterExitHandler(handler)
...
```
#### Thread safty
By default Logger is protected by mutex for concurrent writes, this mutex is invoked when calling hooks and writing logs.
If you are sure such locking is not needed, you can call logger.SetNoLock() to disable the locking.
Situation when locking is not needed includes:
* You have no hooks registered, or hooks calling is already thread-safe.
* Writing to logger.Out is already thread-safe, for example:
1) logger.Out is protected by locks.
2) logger.Out is a os.File handler opened with `O_APPEND` flag, and every write is smaller than 4k. (This allow multi-thread/multi-process writing)
(Refer to http://www.notthewizard.com/2014/06/17/are-files-appends-really-atomic/)

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go-metrics
==========
This library provides a `metrics` package which can be used to instrument code,
expose application metrics, and profile runtime performance in a flexible manner.
Sinks
=====
The `metrics` package makes use of a `MetricSink` interface to support delivery
to any type of backend. Currently the following sinks are provided:
* StatsiteSink : Sinks to a statsite instance (TCP)
* StatsdSink: Sinks to a statsd / statsite instance (UDP)
* InmemSink : Provides in-memory aggregation, can be used to export stats
* FanoutSink : Sinks to multiple sinks. Enables writing to multiple statsite instances for example.
* BlackholeSink : Sinks to nowhere
In addition to the sinks, the `InmemSignal` can be used to catch a signal,
and dump a formatted output of recent metrics. For example, when a process gets
a SIGUSR1, it can dump to stderr recent performance metrics for debugging.
Examples
========
Here is an example of using the package:
func SlowMethod() {
// Profiling the runtime of a method
defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"SlowMethod"}, time.Now())
}
// Configure a statsite sink as the global metrics sink
sink, _ := metrics.NewStatsiteSink("statsite:8125")
metrics.NewGlobal(metrics.DefaultConfig("service-name"), sink)
// Emit a Key/Value pair
metrics.EmitKey([]string{"questions", "meaning of life"}, 42)
Here is an example of setting up an signal handler:
// Setup the inmem sink and signal handler
inm := NewInmemSink(10*time.Second, time.Minute)
sig := DefaultInmemSignal(inm)
metrics.NewGlobal(metrics.DefaultConfig("service-name"), inm)
// Run some code
inm.SetGauge([]string{"foo"}, 42)
inm.EmitKey([]string{"bar"}, 30)
inm.IncrCounter([]string{"baz"}, 42)
inm.IncrCounter([]string{"baz"}, 1)
inm.IncrCounter([]string{"baz"}, 80)
inm.AddSample([]string{"method", "wow"}, 42)
inm.AddSample([]string{"method", "wow"}, 100)
inm.AddSample([]string{"method", "wow"}, 22)
....
When a signal comes in, output like the following will be dumped to stderr:
[2014-01-28 14:57:33.04 -0800 PST][G] 'foo': 42.000
[2014-01-28 14:57:33.04 -0800 PST][P] 'bar': 30.000
[2014-01-28 14:57:33.04 -0800 PST][C] 'baz': Count: 3 Min: 1.000 Mean: 41.000 Max: 80.000 Stddev: 39.509
[2014-01-28 14:57:33.04 -0800 PST][S] 'method.wow': Count: 3 Min: 22.000 Mean: 54.667 Max: 100.000 Stddev: 40.513

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go-radix [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/armon/go-radix.png)](https://travis-ci.org/armon/go-radix)
=========
Provides the `radix` package that implements a [radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree).
The package only provides a single `Tree` implementation, optimized for sparse nodes.
As a radix tree, it provides the following:
* O(k) operations. In many cases, this can be faster than a hash table since
the hash function is an O(k) operation, and hash tables have very poor cache locality.
* Minimum / Maximum value lookups
* Ordered iteration
Documentation
=============
The full documentation is available on [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/armon/go-radix).
Example
=======
Below is a simple example of usage
```go
// Create a tree
r := radix.New()
r.Insert("foo", 1)
r.Insert("bar", 2)
r.Insert("foobar", 2)
// Find the longest prefix match
m, _, _ := r.LongestPrefix("foozip")
if m != "foo" {
panic("should be foo")
}
```

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Apache License
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Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
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meet the following conditions:
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stating that You changed the files; and
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of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
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or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
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You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
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the conditions stated in this License.
5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
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7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
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whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
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incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
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has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
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License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
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AWS SDK for Go
Copyright 2015 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2014-2015 Stripe, Inc.

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# AWS SDK for Go
<span style="display: inline-block;">
[![API Reference](http://img.shields.io/badge/api-reference-blue.svg)](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api)
[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/aws/aws-sdk-go](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/aws/aws-sdk-go?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/aws/aws-sdk-go.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/aws/aws-sdk-go)
[![Apache V2 License](http://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%20V2-blue.svg)](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/blob/master/LICENSE.txt)
</span>
aws-sdk-go is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language.
Checkout our [release notes](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/releases) for information about the latest bug fixes, updates, and features added to the SDK.
## Installing
If you are using Go 1.5 with the `GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1` vendoring flag, or 1.6 and higher you can use the following command to retrieve the SDK. The SDK's non-testing dependencies will be included and are vendored in the `vendor` folder.
go get -u github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go
Otherwise if your Go environment does not have vendoring support enabled, or you do not want to include the vendored SDK's dependencies you can use the following command to retrieve the SDK and its non-testing dependencies using `go get`.
go get -u github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/...
go get -u github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/...
If you're looking to retrieve just the SDK without any dependencies use the following command.
go get -d github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/
These two processes will still include the `vendor` folder and it should be deleted if its not going to be used by your environment.
rm -rf $GOPATH/src/github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/vendor
## Reference Documentation
[`Getting Started Guide`](https://aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/) - This document is a general introduction how to configure and make requests with the SDK. If this is your first time using the SDK, this documentation and the API documentation will help you get started. This document focuses on the syntax and behavior of the SDK. The [Service Developer Guide](https://aws.amazon.com/documentation/) will help you get started using specific AWS services.
[`SDK API Reference Documentation`](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/) - Use this document to look up all API operation input and output parameters for AWS services supported by the SDK. The API reference also includes documentation of the SDK, and examples how to using the SDK, service client API operations, and API operation require parameters.
[`Service Developer Guide`](https://aws.amazon.com/documentation/) - Use this documentation to learn how to interface with an AWS service. These are great guides both, if you're getting started with a service, or looking for more information on a service. You should not need this document for coding, though in some cases, services may supply helpful samples that you might want to look out for.
[`SDK Examples`](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/tree/master/example) - Included in the SDK's repo are a several hand crafted examples using the SDK features and AWS services.
## Configuring Credentials
Before using the SDK, ensure that you've configured credentials. The best
way to configure credentials on a development machine is to use the
`~/.aws/credentials` file, which might look like:
```
[default]
aws_access_key_id = AKID1234567890
aws_secret_access_key = MY-SECRET-KEY
```
You can learn more about the credentials file from this
[blog post](http://blogs.aws.amazon.com/security/post/Tx3D6U6WSFGOK2H/A-New-and-Standardized-Way-to-Manage-Credentials-in-the-AWS-SDKs).
Alternatively, you can set the following environment variables:
```
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=AKID1234567890
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=MY-SECRET-KEY
```
### AWS shared config file (`~/.aws/config`)
The AWS SDK for Go added support the shared config file in release [v1.3.0](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/releases/tag/v1.3.0). You can opt into enabling support for the shared config by setting the environment variable `AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG` to a truthy value. See the [Session](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/wiki/sessions) wiki for more information about this feature.
## Using the Go SDK
To use a service in the SDK, create a service variable by calling the `New()`
function. Once you have a service client, you can call API operations which each
return response data and a possible error.
To list a set of instance IDs from EC2, you could run:
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2"
)
func main() {
// Create an EC2 service object in the "us-west-2" region
// Note that you can also configure your region globally by
// exporting the AWS_REGION environment variable
svc := ec2.New(session.NewSession(), &aws.Config{Region: aws.String("us-west-2")})
// Call the DescribeInstances Operation
resp, err := svc.DescribeInstances(nil)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// resp has all of the response data, pull out instance IDs:
fmt.Println("> Number of reservation sets: ", len(resp.Reservations))
for idx, res := range resp.Reservations {
fmt.Println(" > Number of instances: ", len(res.Instances))
for _, inst := range resp.Reservations[idx].Instances {
fmt.Println(" - Instance ID: ", *inst.InstanceId)
}
}
}
```
You can find more information and operations in our
[API documentation](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/).
## License
This SDK is distributed under the
[Apache License, Version 2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0),
see LICENSE.txt and NOTICE.txt for more information.

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## AWS SDK for Go Private packages ##
`private` is a collection of packages used internally by the SDK, and is subject to have breaking changes. This package is not `internal` so that if you really need to use its functionality, and understand breaking changes will be made, you are able to.
These packages will be refactored in the future so that the API generator and model parsers are exposed cleanly on their own. Making it easier for you to generate your own code based on the API models.

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# Perks for Go (golang.org)
Perks contains the Go package quantile that computes approximate quantiles over
an unbounded data stream within low memory and CPU bounds.
For more information and examples, see:
http://godoc.org/github.com/bmizerany/perks
A very special thank you and shout out to Graham Cormode (Rutgers University),
Flip Korn (AT&T Labs–Research), S. Muthukrishnan (Rutgers University), and
Divesh Srivastava (AT&T Labs–Research) for their research and publication of
[Effective Computation of Biased Quantiles over Data Streams](http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~muthu/bquant.pdf)
Thank you, also:
* Armon Dadgar (@armon)
* Andrew Gerrand (@nf)
* Brad Fitzpatrick (@bradfitz)
* Keith Rarick (@kr)
FAQ:
Q: Why not move the quantile package into the project root?
A: I want to add more packages to perks later.
Copyright (C) 2013 Blake Mizerany
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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Bolt [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/boltdb/bolt/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/boltdb/bolt?branch=master) [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/boltdb/bolt?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/boltdb/bolt) ![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/version-1.2.1-green.svg)
====
Bolt is a pure Go key/value store inspired by [Howard Chu's][hyc_symas]
[LMDB project][lmdb]. The goal of the project is to provide a simple,
fast, and reliable database for projects that don't require a full database
server such as Postgres or MySQL.
Since Bolt is meant to be used as such a low-level piece of functionality,
simplicity is key. The API will be small and only focus on getting values
and setting values. That's it.
[hyc_symas]: https://twitter.com/hyc_symas
[lmdb]: http://symas.com/mdb/
## Project Status
Bolt is stable, the API is fixed, and the file format is fixed. Full unit
test coverage and randomized black box testing are used to ensure database
consistency and thread safety. Bolt is currently in high-load production
environments serving databases as large as 1TB. Many companies such as
Shopify and Heroku use Bolt-backed services every day.
## Table of Contents
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Installing](#installing)
- [Opening a database](#opening-a-database)
- [Transactions](#transactions)
- [Read-write transactions](#read-write-transactions)
- [Read-only transactions](#read-only-transactions)
- [Batch read-write transactions](#batch-read-write-transactions)
- [Managing transactions manually](#managing-transactions-manually)
- [Using buckets](#using-buckets)
- [Using key/value pairs](#using-keyvalue-pairs)
- [Autoincrementing integer for the bucket](#autoincrementing-integer-for-the-bucket)
- [Iterating over keys](#iterating-over-keys)
- [Prefix scans](#prefix-scans)
- [Range scans](#range-scans)
- [ForEach()](#foreach)
- [Nested buckets](#nested-buckets)
- [Database backups](#database-backups)
- [Statistics](#statistics)
- [Read-Only Mode](#read-only-mode)
- [Mobile Use (iOS/Android)](#mobile-use-iosandroid)
- [Resources](#resources)
- [Comparison with other databases](#comparison-with-other-databases)
- [Postgres, MySQL, & other relational databases](#postgres-mysql--other-relational-databases)
- [LevelDB, RocksDB](#leveldb-rocksdb)
- [LMDB](#lmdb)
- [Caveats & Limitations](#caveats--limitations)
- [Reading the Source](#reading-the-source)
- [Other Projects Using Bolt](#other-projects-using-bolt)
## Getting Started
### Installing
To start using Bolt, install Go and run `go get`:
```sh
$ go get github.com/boltdb/bolt/...
```
This will retrieve the library and install the `bolt` command line utility into
your `$GOBIN` path.
### Opening a database
The top-level object in Bolt is a `DB`. It is represented as a single file on
your disk and represents a consistent snapshot of your data.
To open your database, simply use the `bolt.Open()` function:
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/boltdb/bolt"
)
func main() {
// Open the my.db data file in your current directory.
// It will be created if it doesn't exist.
db, err := bolt.Open("my.db", 0600, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer db.Close()
...
}
```
Please note that Bolt obtains a file lock on the data file so multiple processes
cannot open the same database at the same time. Opening an already open Bolt
database will cause it to hang until the other process closes it. To prevent
an indefinite wait you can pass a timeout option to the `Open()` function:
```go
db, err := bolt.Open("my.db", 0600, &bolt.Options{Timeout: 1 * time.Second})
```
### Transactions
Bolt allows only one read-write transaction at a time but allows as many
read-only transactions as you want at a time. Each transaction has a consistent
view of the data as it existed when the transaction started.
Individual transactions and all objects created from them (e.g. buckets, keys)
are not thread safe. To work with data in multiple goroutines you must start
a transaction for each one or use locking to ensure only one goroutine accesses
a transaction at a time. Creating transaction from the `DB` is thread safe.
Read-only transactions and read-write transactions should not depend on one
another and generally shouldn't be opened simultaneously in the same goroutine.
This can cause a deadlock as the read-write transaction needs to periodically
re-map the data file but it cannot do so while a read-only transaction is open.
#### Read-write transactions
To start a read-write transaction, you can use the `DB.Update()` function:
```go
err := db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
...
return nil
})
```
Inside the closure, you have a consistent view of the database. You commit the
transaction by returning `nil` at the end. You can also rollback the transaction
at any point by returning an error. All database operations are allowed inside
a read-write transaction.
Always check the return error as it will report any disk failures that can cause
your transaction to not complete. If you return an error within your closure
it will be passed through.
#### Read-only transactions
To start a read-only transaction, you can use the `DB.View()` function:
```go
err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
...
return nil
})
```
You also get a consistent view of the database within this closure, however,
no mutating operations are allowed within a read-only transaction. You can only
retrieve buckets, retrieve values, and copy the database within a read-only
transaction.
#### Batch read-write transactions
Each `DB.Update()` waits for disk to commit the writes. This overhead
can be minimized by combining multiple updates with the `DB.Batch()`
function:
```go
err := db.Batch(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
...
return nil
})
```
Concurrent Batch calls are opportunistically combined into larger
transactions. Batch is only useful when there are multiple goroutines
calling it.
The trade-off is that `Batch` can call the given
function multiple times, if parts of the transaction fail. The
function must be idempotent and side effects must take effect only
after a successful return from `DB.Batch()`.
For example: don't display messages from inside the function, instead
set variables in the enclosing scope:
```go
var id uint64
err := db.Batch(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Find last key in bucket, decode as bigendian uint64, increment
// by one, encode back to []byte, and add new key.
...
id = newValue
return nil
})
if err != nil {
return ...
}
fmt.Println("Allocated ID %d", id)
```
#### Managing transactions manually
The `DB.View()` and `DB.Update()` functions are wrappers around the `DB.Begin()`
function. These helper functions will start the transaction, execute a function,
and then safely close your transaction if an error is returned. This is the
recommended way to use Bolt transactions.
However, sometimes you may want to manually start and end your transactions.
You can use the `DB.Begin()` function directly but **please** be sure to close
the transaction.
```go
// Start a writable transaction.
tx, err := db.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer tx.Rollback()
// Use the transaction...
_, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Commit the transaction and check for error.
if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
return err
}
```
The first argument to `DB.Begin()` is a boolean stating if the transaction
should be writable.
### Using buckets
Buckets are collections of key/value pairs within the database. All keys in a
bucket must be unique. You can create a bucket using the `DB.CreateBucket()`
function:
```go
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b, err := tx.CreateBucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("create bucket: %s", err)
}
return nil
})
```
You can also create a bucket only if it doesn't exist by using the
`Tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists()` function. It's a common pattern to call this
function for all your top-level buckets after you open your database so you can
guarantee that they exist for future transactions.
To delete a bucket, simply call the `Tx.DeleteBucket()` function.
### Using key/value pairs
To save a key/value pair to a bucket, use the `Bucket.Put()` function:
```go
db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
err := b.Put([]byte("answer"), []byte("42"))
return err
})
```
This will set the value of the `"answer"` key to `"42"` in the `MyBucket`
bucket. To retrieve this value, we can use the `Bucket.Get()` function:
```go
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
v := b.Get([]byte("answer"))
fmt.Printf("The answer is: %s\n", v)
return nil
})
```
The `Get()` function does not return an error because its operation is
guaranteed to work (unless there is some kind of system failure). If the key
exists then it will return its byte slice value. If it doesn't exist then it
will return `nil`. It's important to note that you can have a zero-length value
set to a key which is different than the key not existing.
Use the `Bucket.Delete()` function to delete a key from the bucket.
Please note that values returned from `Get()` are only valid while the
transaction is open. If you need to use a value outside of the transaction
then you must use `copy()` to copy it to another byte slice.
### Autoincrementing integer for the bucket
By using the `NextSequence()` function, you can let Bolt determine a sequence
which can be used as the unique identifier for your key/value pairs. See the
example below.
```go
// CreateUser saves u to the store. The new user ID is set on u once the data is persisted.
func (s *Store) CreateUser(u *User) error {
return s.db.Update(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Retrieve the users bucket.
// This should be created when the DB is first opened.
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("users"))
// Generate ID for the user.
// This returns an error only if the Tx is closed or not writeable.
// That can't happen in an Update() call so I ignore the error check.
id, _ := b.NextSequence()
u.ID = int(id)
// Marshal user data into bytes.
buf, err := json.Marshal(u)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Persist bytes to users bucket.
return b.Put(itob(u.ID), buf)
})
}
// itob returns an 8-byte big endian representation of v.
func itob(v int) []byte {
b := make([]byte, 8)
binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, uint64(v))
return b
}
type User struct {
ID int
...
}
```
### Iterating over keys
Bolt stores its keys in byte-sorted order within a bucket. This makes sequential
iteration over these keys extremely fast. To iterate over keys we'll use a
`Cursor`:
```go
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Assume bucket exists and has keys
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
c := b.Cursor()
for k, v := c.First(); k != nil; k, v = c.Next() {
fmt.Printf("key=%s, value=%s\n", k, v)
}
return nil
})
```
The cursor allows you to move to a specific point in the list of keys and move
forward or backward through the keys one at a time.
The following functions are available on the cursor:
```
First() Move to the first key.
Last() Move to the last key.
Seek() Move to a specific key.
Next() Move to the next key.
Prev() Move to the previous key.
```
Each of those functions has a return signature of `(key []byte, value []byte)`.
When you have iterated to the end of the cursor then `Next()` will return a
`nil` key. You must seek to a position using `First()`, `Last()`, or `Seek()`
before calling `Next()` or `Prev()`. If you do not seek to a position then
these functions will return a `nil` key.
During iteration, if the key is non-`nil` but the value is `nil`, that means
the key refers to a bucket rather than a value. Use `Bucket.Bucket()` to
access the sub-bucket.
#### Prefix scans
To iterate over a key prefix, you can combine `Seek()` and `bytes.HasPrefix()`:
```go
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Assume bucket exists and has keys
c := tx.Bucket([]byte("MyBucket")).Cursor()
prefix := []byte("1234")
for k, v := c.Seek(prefix); bytes.HasPrefix(k, prefix); k, v = c.Next() {
fmt.Printf("key=%s, value=%s\n", k, v)
}
return nil
})
```
#### Range scans
Another common use case is scanning over a range such as a time range. If you
use a sortable time encoding such as RFC3339 then you can query a specific
date range like this:
```go
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Assume our events bucket exists and has RFC3339 encoded time keys.
c := tx.Bucket([]byte("Events")).Cursor()
// Our time range spans the 90's decade.
min := []byte("1990-01-01T00:00:00Z")
max := []byte("2000-01-01T00:00:00Z")
// Iterate over the 90's.
for k, v := c.Seek(min); k != nil && bytes.Compare(k, max) <= 0; k, v = c.Next() {
fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", k, v)
}
return nil
})
```
Note that, while RFC3339 is sortable, the Golang implementation of RFC3339Nano does not use a fixed number of digits after the decimal point and is therefore not sortable.
#### ForEach()
You can also use the function `ForEach()` if you know you'll be iterating over
all the keys in a bucket:
```go
db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
// Assume bucket exists and has keys
b := tx.Bucket([]byte("MyBucket"))
b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
fmt.Printf("key=%s, value=%s\n", k, v)
return nil
})
return nil
})
```
Please note that keys and values in `ForEach()` are only valid while
the transaction is open. If you need to use a key or value outside of
the transaction, you must use `copy()` to copy it to another byte
slice.
### Nested buckets
You can also store a bucket in a key to create nested buckets. The API is the
same as the bucket management API on the `DB` object:
```go
func (*Bucket) CreateBucket(key []byte) (*Bucket, error)
func (*Bucket) CreateBucketIfNotExists(key []byte) (*Bucket, error)
func (*Bucket) DeleteBucket(key []byte) error
```
### Database backups
Bolt is a single file so it's easy to backup. You can use the `Tx.WriteTo()`
function to write a consistent view of the database to a writer. If you call
this from a read-only transaction, it will perform a hot backup and not block
your other database reads and writes.
By default, it will use a regular file handle which will utilize the operating
system's page cache. See the [`Tx`](https://godoc.org/github.com/boltdb/bolt#Tx)
documentation for information about optimizing for larger-than-RAM datasets.
One common use case is to backup over HTTP so you can use tools like `cURL` to
do database backups:
```go
func BackupHandleFunc(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
err := db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream")
w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", `attachment; filename="my.db"`)
w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(int(tx.Size())))
_, err := tx.WriteTo(w)
return err
})
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
}
```
Then you can backup using this command:
```sh
$ curl http://localhost/backup > my.db
```
Or you can open your browser to `http://localhost/backup` and it will download
automatically.
If you want to backup to another file you can use the `Tx.CopyFile()` helper
function.
### Statistics
The database keeps a running count of many of the internal operations it
performs so you can better understand what's going on. By grabbing a snapshot
of these stats at two points in time we can see what operations were performed
in that time range.
For example, we could start a goroutine to log stats every 10 seconds:
```go
go func() {
// Grab the initial stats.
prev := db.Stats()
for {
// Wait for 10s.
time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
// Grab the current stats and diff them.
stats := db.Stats()
diff := stats.Sub(&prev)
// Encode stats to JSON and print to STDERR.
json.NewEncoder(os.Stderr).Encode(diff)
// Save stats for the next loop.
prev = stats
}
}()
```
It's also useful to pipe these stats to a service such as statsd for monitoring
or to provide an HTTP endpoint that will perform a fixed-length sample.
### Read-Only Mode
Sometimes it is useful to create a shared, read-only Bolt database. To this,
set the `Options.ReadOnly` flag when opening your database. Read-only mode
uses a shared lock to allow multiple processes to read from the database but
it will block any processes from opening the database in read-write mode.
```go
db, err := bolt.Open("my.db", 0666, &bolt.Options{ReadOnly: true})
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
```
### Mobile Use (iOS/Android)
Bolt is able to run on mobile devices by leveraging the binding feature of the
[gomobile](https://github.com/golang/mobile) tool. Create a struct that will
contain your database logic and a reference to a `*bolt.DB` with a initializing
constructor that takes in a filepath where the database file will be stored.
Neither Android nor iOS require extra permissions or cleanup from using this method.
```go
func NewBoltDB(filepath string) *BoltDB {
db, err := bolt.Open(filepath+"/demo.db", 0600, nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
return &BoltDB{db}
}
type BoltDB struct {
db *bolt.DB
...
}
func (b *BoltDB) Path() string {
return b.db.Path()
}
func (b *BoltDB) Close() {
b.db.Close()
}
```
Database logic should be defined as methods on this wrapper struct.
To initialize this struct from the native language (both platforms now sync
their local storage to the cloud. These snippets disable that functionality for the
database file):
#### Android
```java
String path;
if (android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >=android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP){
path = getNoBackupFilesDir().getAbsolutePath();
} else{
path = getFilesDir().getAbsolutePath();
}
Boltmobiledemo.BoltDB boltDB = Boltmobiledemo.NewBoltDB(path)
```
#### iOS
```objc
- (void)demo {
NSString* path = [NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSLibraryDirectory,
NSUserDomainMask,
YES) objectAtIndex:0];
GoBoltmobiledemoBoltDB * demo = GoBoltmobiledemoNewBoltDB(path);
[self addSkipBackupAttributeToItemAtPath:demo.path];
//Some DB Logic would go here
[demo close];
}
- (BOOL)addSkipBackupAttributeToItemAtPath:(NSString *) filePathString
{
NSURL* URL= [NSURL fileURLWithPath: filePathString];
assert([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath: [URL path]]);
NSError *error = nil;
BOOL success = [URL setResourceValue: [NSNumber numberWithBool: YES]
forKey: NSURLIsExcludedFromBackupKey error: &error];
if(!success){
NSLog(@"Error excluding %@ from backup %@", [URL lastPathComponent], error);
}
return success;
}
```
## Resources
For more information on getting started with Bolt, check out the following articles:
* [Intro to BoltDB: Painless Performant Persistence](http://npf.io/2014/07/intro-to-boltdb-painless-performant-persistence/) by [Nate Finch](https://github.com/natefinch).
* [Bolt -- an embedded key/value database for Go](https://www.progville.com/go/bolt-embedded-db-golang/) by Progville
## Comparison with other databases
### Postgres, MySQL, & other relational databases
Relational databases structure data into rows and are only accessible through
the use of SQL. This approach provides flexibility in how you store and query
your data but also incurs overhead in parsing and planning SQL statements. Bolt
accesses all data by a byte slice key. This makes Bolt fast to read and write
data by key but provides no built-in support for joining values together.
Most relational databases (with the exception of SQLite) are standalone servers
that run separately from your application. This gives your systems
flexibility to connect multiple application servers to a single database
server but also adds overhead in serializing and transporting data over the
network. Bolt runs as a library included in your application so all data access
has to go through your application's process. This brings data closer to your
application but limits multi-process access to the data.
### LevelDB, RocksDB
LevelDB and its derivatives (RocksDB, HyperLevelDB) are similar to Bolt in that
they are libraries bundled into the application, however, their underlying
structure is a log-structured merge-tree (LSM tree). An LSM tree optimizes
random writes by using a write ahead log and multi-tiered, sorted files called
SSTables. Bolt uses a B+tree internally and only a single file. Both approaches
have trade-offs.
If you require a high random write throughput (>10,000 w/sec) or you need to use
spinning disks then LevelDB could be a good choice. If your application is
read-heavy or does a lot of range scans then Bolt could be a good choice.
One other important consideration is that LevelDB does not have transactions.
It supports batch writing of key/values pairs and it supports read snapshots
but it will not give you the ability to do a compare-and-swap operation safely.
Bolt supports fully serializable ACID transactions.
### LMDB
Bolt was originally a port of LMDB so it is architecturally similar. Both use
a B+tree, have ACID semantics with fully serializable transactions, and support
lock-free MVCC using a single writer and multiple readers.
The two projects have somewhat diverged. LMDB heavily focuses on raw performance
while Bolt has focused on simplicity and ease of use. For example, LMDB allows
several unsafe actions such as direct writes for the sake of performance. Bolt
opts to disallow actions which can leave the database in a corrupted state. The
only exception to this in Bolt is `DB.NoSync`.
There are also a few differences in API. LMDB requires a maximum mmap size when
opening an `mdb_env` whereas Bolt will handle incremental mmap resizing
automatically. LMDB overloads the getter and setter functions with multiple
flags whereas Bolt splits these specialized cases into their own functions.
## Caveats & Limitations
It's important to pick the right tool for the job and Bolt is no exception.
Here are a few things to note when evaluating and using Bolt:
* Bolt is good for read intensive workloads. Sequential write performance is
also fast but random writes can be slow. You can use `DB.Batch()` or add a
write-ahead log to help mitigate this issue.
* Bolt uses a B+tree internally so there can be a lot of random page access.
SSDs provide a significant performance boost over spinning disks.
* Try to avoid long running read transactions. Bolt uses copy-on-write so
old pages cannot be reclaimed while an old transaction is using them.
* Byte slices returned from Bolt are only valid during a transaction. Once the
transaction has been committed or rolled back then the memory they point to
can be reused by a new page or can be unmapped from virtual memory and you'll
see an `unexpected fault address` panic when accessing it.
* Be careful when using `Bucket.FillPercent`. Setting a high fill percent for
buckets that have random inserts will cause your database to have very poor
page utilization.
* Use larger buckets in general. Smaller buckets causes poor page utilization
once they become larger than the page size (typically 4KB).
* Bulk loading a lot of random writes into a new bucket can be slow as the
page will not split until the transaction is committed. Randomly inserting
more than 100,000 key/value pairs into a single new bucket in a single
transaction is not advised.
* Bolt uses a memory-mapped file so the underlying operating system handles the
caching of the data. Typically, the OS will cache as much of the file as it
can in memory and will release memory as needed to other processes. This means
that Bolt can show very high memory usage when working with large databases.
However, this is expected and the OS will release memory as needed. Bolt can
handle databases much larger than the available physical RAM, provided its
memory-map fits in the process virtual address space. It may be problematic
on 32-bits systems.
* The data structures in the Bolt database are memory mapped so the data file
will be endian specific. This means that you cannot copy a Bolt file from a
little endian machine to a big endian machine and have it work. For most
users this is not a concern since most modern CPUs are little endian.
* Because of the way pages are laid out on disk, Bolt cannot truncate data files
and return free pages back to the disk. Instead, Bolt maintains a free list
of unused pages within its data file. These free pages can be reused by later
transactions. This works well for many use cases as databases generally tend
to grow. However, it's important to note that deleting large chunks of data
will not allow you to reclaim that space on disk.
For more information on page allocation, [see this comment][page-allocation].
[page-allocation]: https://github.com/boltdb/bolt/issues/308#issuecomment-74811638
## Reading the Source
Bolt is a relatively small code base (<3KLOC) for an embedded, serializable,
transactional key/value database so it can be a good starting point for people
interested in how databases work.
The best places to start are the main entry points into Bolt:
- `Open()` - Initializes the reference to the database. It's responsible for
creating the database if it doesn't exist, obtaining an exclusive lock on the
file, reading the meta pages, & memory-mapping the file.
- `DB.Begin()` - Starts a read-only or read-write transaction depending on the
value of the `writable` argument. This requires briefly obtaining the "meta"
lock to keep track of open transactions. Only one read-write transaction can
exist at a time so the "rwlock" is acquired during the life of a read-write
transaction.
- `Bucket.Put()` - Writes a key/value pair into a bucket. After validating the
arguments, a cursor is used to traverse the B+tree to the page and position
where they key & value will be written. Once the position is found, the bucket
materializes the underlying page and the page's parent pages into memory as
"nodes". These nodes are where mutations occur during read-write transactions.
These changes get flushed to disk during commit.
- `Bucket.Get()` - Retrieves a key/value pair from a bucket. This uses a cursor
to move to the page & position of a key/value pair. During a read-only
transaction, the key and value data is returned as a direct reference to the
underlying mmap file so there's no allocation overhead. For read-write
transactions, this data may reference the mmap file or one of the in-memory
node values.
- `Cursor` - This object is simply for traversing the B+tree of on-disk pages
or in-memory nodes. It can seek to a specific key, move to the first or last
value, or it can move forward or backward. The cursor handles the movement up
and down the B+tree transparently to the end user.
- `Tx.Commit()` - Converts the in-memory dirty nodes and the list of free pages
into pages to be written to disk. Writing to disk then occurs in two phases.
First, the dirty pages are written to disk and an `fsync()` occurs. Second, a
new meta page with an incremented transaction ID is written and another
`fsync()` occurs. This two phase write ensures that partially written data
pages are ignored in the event of a crash since the meta page pointing to them
is never written. Partially written meta pages are invalidated because they
are written with a checksum.
If you have additional notes that could be helpful for others, please submit
them via pull request.
## Other Projects Using Bolt
Below is a list of public, open source projects that use Bolt:
* [BoltDbWeb](https://github.com/evnix/boltdbweb) - A web based GUI for BoltDB files.
* [Operation Go: A Routine Mission](http://gocode.io) - An online programming game for Golang using Bolt for user accounts and a leaderboard.
* [Bazil](https://bazil.org/) - A file system that lets your data reside where it is most convenient for it to reside.
* [DVID](https://github.com/janelia-flyem/dvid) - Added Bolt as optional storage engine and testing it against Basho-tuned leveldb.
* [Skybox Analytics](https://github.com/skybox/skybox) - A standalone funnel analysis tool for web analytics.
* [Scuttlebutt](https://github.com/benbjohnson/scuttlebutt) - Uses Bolt to store and process all Twitter mentions of GitHub projects.
* [Wiki](https://github.com/peterhellberg/wiki) - A tiny wiki using Goji, BoltDB and Blackfriday.
* [ChainStore](https://github.com/pressly/chainstore) - Simple key-value interface to a variety of storage engines organized as a chain of operations.
* [MetricBase](https://github.com/msiebuhr/MetricBase) - Single-binary version of Graphite.
* [Gitchain](https://github.com/gitchain/gitchain) - Decentralized, peer-to-peer Git repositories aka "Git meets Bitcoin".
* [event-shuttle](https://github.com/sclasen/event-shuttle) - A Unix system service to collect and reliably deliver messages to Kafka.
* [ipxed](https://github.com/kelseyhightower/ipxed) - Web interface and api for ipxed.
* [BoltStore](https://github.com/yosssi/boltstore) - Session store using Bolt.
* [photosite/session](https://godoc.org/bitbucket.org/kardianos/photosite/session) - Sessions for a photo viewing site.
* [LedisDB](https://github.com/siddontang/ledisdb) - A high performance NoSQL, using Bolt as optional storage.
* [ipLocator](https://github.com/AndreasBriese/ipLocator) - A fast ip-geo-location-server using bolt with bloom filters.
* [cayley](https://github.com/google/cayley) - Cayley is an open-source graph database using Bolt as optional backend.
* [bleve](http://www.blevesearch.com/) - A pure Go search engine similar to ElasticSearch that uses Bolt as the default storage backend.
* [tentacool](https://github.com/optiflows/tentacool) - REST api server to manage system stuff (IP, DNS, Gateway...) on a linux server.
* [Seaweed File System](https://github.com/chrislusf/seaweedfs) - Highly scalable distributed key~file system with O(1) disk read.
* [InfluxDB](https://influxdata.com) - Scalable datastore for metrics, events, and real-time analytics.
* [Freehold](http://tshannon.bitbucket.org/freehold/) - An open, secure, and lightweight platform for your files and data.
* [Prometheus Annotation Server](https://github.com/oliver006/prom_annotation_server) - Annotation server for PromDash & Prometheus service monitoring system.
* [Consul](https://github.com/hashicorp/consul) - Consul is service discovery and configuration made easy. Distributed, highly available, and datacenter-aware.
* [Kala](https://github.com/ajvb/kala) - Kala is a modern job scheduler optimized to run on a single node. It is persistent, JSON over HTTP API, ISO 8601 duration notation, and dependent jobs.
* [drive](https://github.com/odeke-em/drive) - drive is an unofficial Google Drive command line client for \*NIX operating systems.
* [stow](https://github.com/djherbis/stow) - a persistence manager for objects
backed by boltdb.
* [buckets](https://github.com/joyrexus/buckets) - a bolt wrapper streamlining
simple tx and key scans.
* [mbuckets](https://github.com/abhigupta912/mbuckets) - A Bolt wrapper that allows easy operations on multi level (nested) buckets.
* [Request Baskets](https://github.com/darklynx/request-baskets) - A web service to collect arbitrary HTTP requests and inspect them via REST API or simple web UI, similar to [RequestBin](http://requestb.in/) service
* [Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/) - Go code quality report cards as a (free and open source) service.
* [Boltdb Boilerplate](https://github.com/bobintornado/boltdb-boilerplate) - Boilerplate wrapper around bolt aiming to make simple calls one-liners.
* [lru](https://github.com/crowdriff/lru) - Easy to use Bolt-backed Least-Recently-Used (LRU) read-through cache with chainable remote stores.
* [Storm](https://github.com/asdine/storm) - Simple and powerful ORM for BoltDB.
* [GoWebApp](https://github.com/josephspurrier/gowebapp) - A basic MVC web application in Go using BoltDB.
* [SimpleBolt](https://github.com/xyproto/simplebolt) - A simple way to use BoltDB. Deals mainly with strings.
* [Algernon](https://github.com/xyproto/algernon) - A HTTP/2 web server with built-in support for Lua. Uses BoltDB as the default database backend.
* [MuLiFS](https://github.com/dankomiocevic/mulifs) - Music Library Filesystem creates a filesystem to organise your music files.
* [GoShort](https://github.com/pankajkhairnar/goShort) - GoShort is a URL shortener written in Golang and BoltDB for persistent key/value storage and for routing it's using high performent HTTPRouter.
* [torrent](https://github.com/anacrolix/torrent) - Full-featured BitTorrent client package and utilities in Go. BoltDB is a storage backend in development.
If you are using Bolt in a project please send a pull request to add it to the list.

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MIT License
Copyright (c) 2017 Gal Ben-Haim
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

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le_go
=====
Golang client library for logentries.com
It is compatible with http://golang.org/pkg/log/#Logger
and also implements http://golang.org/pkg/io/#Writer
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/bsphere/le_go?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/bsphere/le_go)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/bsphere/le_go.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/bsphere/le_go)
Usage
-----
Add a new manual TCP token log at [logentries.com](https://logentries.com/quick-start/) and copy the [token](https://logentries.com/doc/input-token/).
Installation: `go get github.com/bsphere/le_go`
**Note:** The Logger is blocking, it can be easily run in a goroutine by calling `go le.Println(...)`
```go
package main
import "github.com/bsphere/le_go"
func main() {
le, err := le_go.Connect("XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX") // replace with token
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer le.Close()
le.Println("another test message")
}
```

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# CFSSL
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/cloudflare/cfssl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/cloudflare/cfssl)
[![Coverage Status](http://codecov.io/github/cloudflare/cfssl/coverage.svg?branch=master)](http://codecov.io/github/cloudflare/cfssl?branch=master)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl)
## CloudFlare's PKI/TLS toolkit
CFSSL is CloudFlare's PKI/TLS swiss army knife. It is both a command line
tool and an HTTP API server for signing, verifying, and bundling TLS
certificates. It requires Go 1.5+ to build.
Note that certain linux distributions have certain algorithms removed
(RHEL-based distributions in particular), so the golang from the
official repositories will not work. Users of these distributions should
[install go manually](//golang.org/dl) to install CFSSL.
CFSSL consists of:
* a set of packages useful for building custom TLS PKI tools
* the `cfssl` program, which is the canonical command line utility
using the CFSSL packages.
* the `multirootca` program, which is a certificate authority server
that can use multiple signing keys.
* the `mkbundle` program is used to build certificate pool bundles.
* the `cfssljson` program, which takes the JSON output from the
`cfssl` and `multirootca` programs and writes certificates, keys,
CSRs, and bundles to disk.
### Building
See [BUILDING](BUILDING.md)
### Installation
Installation requires a
[working Go 1.5+ installation](http://golang.org/doc/install) and a
properly set `GOPATH`.
```
$ go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/cfssl
```
will download and build the CFSSL tool, installing it in
`$GOPATH/bin/cfssl`. To install the other utility programs that are in
this repo:
```
$ go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/...
```
This will download, build, and install `cfssl`, `cfssljson`, and
`mkbundle` into `$GOPATH/bin/`.
Note that CFSSL makes use of vendored packages; in Go 1.5, the
`GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT` environment variable will need to be set, e.g.
```
export GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
```
In Go 1.6, this works out of the box.
#### Installing pre-Go 1.5
With a Go 1.4 or earlier installation, you won't be able to install the latest version of CFSSL. However, you can checkout the `1.1.0` release and build that.
```
git clone -b 1.1.0 https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl.git $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl
go get github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/cfssl
```
### Using the Command Line Tool
The `cfssl` command line tool takes a command to specify what
operation it should carry out:
sign signs a certificate
bundle build a certificate bundle
genkey generate a private key and a certificate request
gencert generate a private key and a certificate
serve start the API server
version prints out the current version
selfsign generates a self-signed certificate
print-defaults print default configurations
Use "cfssl [command] -help" to find out more about a command.
The version command takes no arguments.
#### Signing
```
cfssl sign [-ca cert] [-ca-key key] [-hostname comma,separated,hostnames] csr [subject]
```
The csr is the client's certificate request. The `-ca` and `-ca-key`
flags are the CA's certificate and private key, respectively. By
default, they are "ca.pem" and "ca_key.pem". The `-hostname` is
a comma separated hostname list that overrides the DNS names and
IP address in the certificate SAN extension.
For example, assuming the CA's private key is in
`/etc/ssl/private/cfssl_key.pem` and the CA's certificate is in
`/etc/ssl/certs/cfssl.pem`, to sign the `cloudflare.pem` certificate
for cloudflare.com:
```
cfssl sign -ca /etc/ssl/certs/cfssl.pem \
-ca-key /etc/ssl/private/cfssl_key.pem \
-hostname cloudflare.com ./cloudflare.pem
```
It is also possible to specify csr through '-csr' flag. By doing so,
flag values take precedence and will overwrite the argument.
The subject is an optional file that contains subject information that
should be used in place of the information from the CSR. It should be
a JSON file with the type:
```json
{
"CN": "example.com",
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "San Francisco",
"O": "Internet Widgets, Inc.",
"OU": "WWW",
"ST": "California"
}
]
}
```
#### Bundling
```
cfssl bundle [-ca-bundle bundle] [-int-bundle bundle] \
[-metadata metadata_file] [-flavor bundle_flavor] \
-cert certificate_file [-key key_file]
```
The bundles are used for the root and intermediate certificate
pools. In addition, platform metadata is specified through '-metadata'
The bundle files, metadata file (and auxiliary files) can be
found at [cfssl_trust](https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl_trust)
Specify PEM-encoded client certificate and key through '-cert' and
'-key' respectively. If key is specified, the bundle will be built
and verified with the key. Otherwise the bundle will be built
without a private key. Instead of file path, use '-' for reading
certificate PEM from stdin. It is also acceptable the certificate
file contains a (partial) certificate bundle.
Specify bundling flavor through '-flavor'. There are three flavors:
'optimal' to generate a bundle of shortest chain and most advanced
cryptographic algorithms, 'ubiquitous' to generate a bundle of most
widely acceptance across different browsers and OS platforms, and
'force' to find an acceptable bundle which is identical to the
content of the input certificate file.
Alternatively, the client certificate can be pulled directly from
a domain. It is also possible to connect to the remote address
through '-ip'.
```
cfssl bundle [-ca-bundle bundle] [-int-bundle bundle] \
[-metadata metadata_file] [-flavor bundle_flavor] \
-domain domain_name [-ip ip_address]
```
The bundle output form should follow the example
```json
{
"bundle": "CERT_BUNDLE_IN_PEM",
"crt": "LEAF_CERT_IN_PEM",
"crl_support": true,
"expires": "2015-12-31T23:59:59Z",
"hostnames": ["example.com"],
"issuer": "ISSUER CERT SUBJECT",
"key": "KEY_IN_PEM",
"key_size": 2048,
"key_type": "2048-bit RSA",
"ocsp": ["http://ocsp.example-ca.com"],
"ocsp_support": true,
"root": "ROOT_CA_CERT_IN_PEM",
"signature": "SHA1WithRSA",
"subject": "LEAF CERT SUBJECT",
"status": {
"rebundled": false,
"expiring_SKIs": [],
"untrusted_root_stores": [],
"messages": [],
"code": 0
}
}
```
#### Generating certificate signing request and private key
```
cfssl genkey csr.json
```
To generate a private key and corresponding certificate request, specify
the key request as a JSON file. This file should follow the form
```json
{
"hosts": [
"example.com",
"www.example.com"
],
"key": {
"algo": "rsa",
"size": 2048
},
"names": [
{
"C": "US",
"L": "San Francisco",
"O": "Internet Widgets, Inc.",
"OU": "WWW",
"ST": "California"
}
]
}
```
#### Generating self-signed root CA certificate and private key
```
cfssl genkey -initca csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca
```
To generate a self-signed root CA certificate, specify the key request as
the JSON file in the same format as in 'genkey'. Three PEM-encoded entities
will appear in the output: the private key, the csr, and the self-signed
certificate.
#### Generating a remote-issued certificate and private key.
```
cfssl gencert -remote=remote_server [-hostname=comma,separated,hostnames] csr.json
```
This is calls genkey, but has a remote CFSSL server sign and issue
a certificate. You may use `-hostname` to override certificate SANs.
#### Generating a local-issued certificate and private key.
```
cfssl gencert -ca cert -ca-key key [-hostname=comma,separated,hostnames] csr.json
```
This is generates and issues a certificate and private key from a local CA
via a JSON request. You may use `-hostname` to override certificate SANs.
#### Updating a OCSP responses file with a newly issued certificate
```
cfssl ocspsign -ca cert -responder key -responder-key key -cert cert \
| cfssljson -bare -stdout >> responses
```
This will generate a OCSP response for the `cert` and add it to the
`responses` file. You can then pass `responses` to `ocspserve` to start a
OCSP server.
### Starting the API Server
CFSSL comes with an HTTP-based API server; the endpoints are
documented in `doc/api.txt`. The server is started with the "serve"
command:
```
cfssl serve [-address address] [-ca cert] [-ca-bundle bundle] \
[-ca-key key] [-int-bundle bundle] [-int-dir dir] [-port port] \
[-metadata file] [-remote remote_host] [-config config] \
[-responder cert] [-responder-key key] [-db-config db-config]
```
Address and port default to "127.0.0.1:8888". The `-ca` and `-ca-key`
arguments should be the PEM-encoded certificate and private key to use
for signing; by default, they are "ca.pem" and "ca_key.pem". The
`-ca-bundle` and `-int-bundle` should be the certificate bundles used
for the root and intermediate certificate pools, respectively. These
default to "ca-bundle.crt" and "int-bundle." If the "remote" option is
provided, all signature operations will be forwarded to the remote CFSSL.
'-int-dir' specifies intermediates directory. '-metadata' is a file for
root certificate presence. The content of the file is a json dictionary
(k,v): each key k is SHA-1 digest of a root certificate while value v
is a list of key store filenames. '-config' specifies path to configuration
file. '-responder' and '-responder-key' are Certificate for OCSP responder
and private key for OCSP responder certificate, respectively.
The amount of logging can be controlled with the `-loglevel` option. This
comes *after* the serve command:
```
cfssl serve -loglevel 2
```
The levels are:
* 0. DEBUG
* 1. INFO (this is the default level)
* 2. WARNING
* 3. ERROR
* 4. CRITICAL
### The multirootca
The `cfssl` program can act as an online certificate authority, but it
only uses a single key. If multiple signing keys are needed, the
`multirootca` program can be used. It only provides the sign,
authsign, and info endpoints. The documentation contains instructions
for configuring and running the CA.
### The mkbundle Utility
`mkbundle` is used to build the root and intermediate bundles used in
verifying certificates. It can be installed with
```
go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/mkbundle
```
It takes a collection of certificates, checks for CRL revocation (OCSP
support is planned for the next release) and expired certificates, and
bundles them into one file. It takes directories of certificates and
certificate files (which may contain multiple certificates). For example,
if the directory `intermediates` contains a number of intermediate
certificates,
```
mkbundle -f int-bundle.crt intermediates
```
will check those certificates and combine valid ones into a single
`int-bundle.crt` file.
The `-f` flag specifies an output name; `-loglevel` specifies the verbosity
of the logging (using the same loglevels above), and `-nw` controls the
number of revocation-checking workers.
### The cfssljson Utility
Most of the output from `cfssl` is in JSON. The `cfssljson` will take
this output and split it out into separate key, certificate, CSR, and
bundle files as appropriate. The tool takes a single flag, `-f`, that
specifies the input file, and an argument that specifies the base name for
the files produced. If the input filename is "-" (which is the default),
`cfssljson` reads from standard input. It maps keys in the JSON file to
filenames in the following way:
* if there is a "cert" (or if not, if there's a "certificate") field, the
file "basename.pem" will be produced.
* if there is a "key" (or if not, if there's a "private_key") field, the
file "basename-key.pem" will be produced.
* if there is a "csr" (or if not, if there's a "certificate_request") field,
the file "basename.csr" will be produced.
* if there is a "bundle" field, the file "basename-bundle.pem" will
be produced.
* if there is a "ocspResponse" field, the file "basename-response.der" will
be produced.
Instead of saving to a file, you can pass `-stdout` to output the encoded
contents.
### Static Builds
By default, the web assets are accessed from disk, based on their
relative locations. If you’re wishing to distribute a single,
statically-linked, cfssl binary, you’ll want to embed these resources
before building. This can by done with the
[go.rice](https://github.com/GeertJohan/go.rice) tool.
```
pushd cli/serve && rice embed-go && popd
```
Then building with `go build` will use the embedded resources.
### Using a PKCS#11 hardware token / HSM
For better security, you may want to store your private key in an HSM or
smartcard. The interface to both of these categories of device is described by
the PKCS#11 spec. If you need to do approximately one signing operation per
second or fewer, the Yubikey NEO and NEO-n are inexpensive smartcard options:
https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-hardware/yubikey-neo/. In general you
are looking for a product that supports PIV (personal identity verification). If
your signing needs are in the hundreds of signatures per second, you will need
to purchase an expensive HSM (in the thousands to many thousands of USD).
If you want to try out the PKCS#11 signing modes without a hardware token, you
can use the [SoftHSM](https://github.com/opendnssec/SoftHSMv1#softhsm)
implementation. Please note that using SoftHSM simply stores your private key in
a file on disk and does not increase security.
To get started with your PKCS#11 token you will need to initialize it with a
private key, PIN, and token label. The instructions to do this will be specific
to each hardware device, and you should follow the instructions provided by your
vendor. You will also need to find the path to your 'module', a shared object
file (.so). Having initialized your device, you can query it to check your token
label with:
pkcs11-tool --module <module path> --list-token-slots
You'll also want to check the label of the private key you imported (or
generated). Run the following command and look for a 'Private Key Object':
pkcs11-tool --module <module path> --pin <pin> \
--list-token-slots --login --list-objects
You now have all the information you need to use your PKCS#11 token with CFSSL.
CFSSL supports PKCS#11 for certificate signing and OCSP signing. To create a
Signer (for certificate signing), import `signer/universal` and call NewSigner
with a Root object containing the module, pin, token label and private label
from above, plus a path to your certificate. The structure of the Root object is
documented in universal.go.
Alternately, you can construct a pkcs11key.Key or pkcs11key.Pool yourself, and
pass it to ocsp.NewSigner (for OCSP) or local.NewSigner (for certificate
signing). This will be necessary, for example, if you are using a single-session
token like the Yubikey and need both OCSP signing and certificate signing at the
same time.
### Additional Documentation
Additional documentation can be found in the "doc/" directory:
* `api.txt`: documents the API endpoints
* `bootstrap.txt`: a walkthrough from building the package to getting
up and running

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# certdb usage
Using a database enables additional functionality for existing commands when a
db config is provided:
- `sign` and `gencert` add a certificate to the certdb after signing it
- `serve` enables database functionality for the sign and revoke endpoints
A database is required for the following:
- `revoke` marks certificates revoked in the database with an optional reason
- `ocsprefresh` refreshes the table of cached OCSP responses
- `ocspdump` outputs cached OCSP responses in a concatenated base64-encoded format
## Setup/Migration
This directory stores [goose](https://bitbucket.org/liamstask/goose/) db migration scripts for various DB backends.
Currently supported:
- MySQL in mysql
- PostgreSQL in pg
- SQLite in sqlite
### Get goose
go get bitbucket.org/liamstask/goose/cmd/goose
### Use goose to start and terminate a MySQL DB
To start a MySQL using goose:
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/mysql up
To tear down a MySQL DB using goose
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/mysql down
Note: the administration of MySQL DB is not included. We assume
the databases being connected to are already created and access control
is properly handled.
### Use goose to start and terminate a PostgreSQL DB
To start a PostgreSQL using goose:
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/pg up
To tear down a PostgreSQL DB using goose
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/pg down
Note: the administration of PostgreSQL DB is not included. We assume
the databases being connected to are already created and access control
is properly handled.
### Use goose to start and terminate a SQLite DB
To start a SQLite DB using goose:
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/sqlite up
To tear down a SQLite DB using goose
goose -path $GOPATH/src/github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/certdb/sqlite down
## CFSSL Configuration
Several cfssl commands take a -db-config flag. Create a file with a
JSON dictionary:
{"driver":"sqlite3","data_source":"certs.db"}
or
{"driver":"postgres","data_source":"postgres://user:password@host/db"}
or
{"driver":"mysql","data_source":"user:password@tcp(hostname:3306)/db?parseTime=true"}

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# etcd
[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/coreos/etcd)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/coreos/etcd)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/etcd.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/etcd)
[![Build Status](https://semaphoreci.com/api/v1/coreos/etcd/branches/master/shields_badge.svg)](https://semaphoreci.com/coreos/etcd)
[![Docker Repository on Quay.io](https://quay.io/repository/coreos/etcd-git/status "Docker Repository on Quay.io")](https://quay.io/repository/coreos/etcd-git)
**Note**: The `master` branch may be in an *unstable or even broken state* during development. Please use [releases][github-release] instead of the `master` branch in order to get stable binaries.
*the etcd v2 [documentation](Documentation/v2/README.md) has moved*
![etcd Logo](logos/etcd-horizontal-color.png)
etcd is a distributed, consistent key-value store for shared configuration and service discovery, with a focus on being:
* *Simple*: well-defined, user-facing API (gRPC)
* *Secure*: automatic TLS with optional client cert authentication
* *Fast*: benchmarked 10,000 writes/sec
* *Reliable*: properly distributed using Raft
etcd is written in Go and uses the [Raft][raft] consensus algorithm to manage a highly-available replicated log.
etcd is used [in production by many companies](./Documentation/production-users.md), and the development team stands behind it in critical deployment scenarios, where etcd is frequently teamed with applications such as [Kubernetes][k8s], [fleet][fleet], [locksmith][locksmith], [vulcand][vulcand], [Doorman][doorman], and many others. Reliability is further ensured by rigorous [testing][etcd-tests].
See [etcdctl][etcdctl] for a simple command line client.
[raft]: https://raft.github.io/
[k8s]: http://kubernetes.io/
[doorman]: https://github.com/youtube/doorman
[fleet]: https://github.com/coreos/fleet
[locksmith]: https://github.com/coreos/locksmith
[vulcand]: https://github.com/vulcand/vulcand
[etcdctl]: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/etcdctl
[etcd-tests]: http://dash.etcd.io
## Getting started
### Getting etcd
The easiest way to get etcd is to use one of the pre-built release binaries which are available for OSX, Linux, Windows, AppC (ACI), and Docker. Instructions for using these binaries are on the [GitHub releases page][github-release].
For those wanting to try the very latest version, you can [build the latest version of etcd][dl-build] from the `master` branch.
You will first need [*Go*](https://golang.org/) installed on your machine (version 1.6+ is required).
All development occurs on `master`, including new features and bug fixes.
Bug fixes are first targeted at `master` and subsequently ported to release branches, as described in the [branch management][branch-management] guide.
[github-release]: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/
[branch-management]: ./Documentation/branch_management.md
[dl-build]: ./Documentation/dl_build.md#build-the-latest-version
### Running etcd
First start a single-member cluster of etcd:
```sh
./bin/etcd
```
This will bring up etcd listening on port 2379 for client communication and on port 2380 for server-to-server communication.
Next, let's set a single key, and then retrieve it:
```
ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl put mykey "this is awesome"
ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl get mykey
```
That's it! etcd is now running and serving client requests. For more
- [Animated quick demo][demo-gif]
- [Interactive etcd playground][etcd-play]
[demo-gif]: ./Documentation/demo.md
[etcd-play]: http://play.etcd.io/
### etcd TCP ports
The [official etcd ports][iana-ports] are 2379 for client requests, and 2380 for peer communication.
[iana-ports]: https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml?search=etcd
### Running a local etcd cluster
First install [goreman](https://github.com/mattn/goreman), which manages Procfile-based applications.
Our [Procfile script](./Procfile) will set up a local example cluster. Start it with:
```sh
goreman start
```
This will bring up 3 etcd members `infra1`, `infra2` and `infra3` and etcd proxy `proxy`, which runs locally and composes a cluster.
Every cluster member and proxy accepts key value reads and key value writes.
### Running etcd on Kubernetes
If you want to run etcd cluster on Kubernetes, try [etcd operator](https://github.com/coreos/etcd-operator).
### Next steps
Now it's time to dig into the full etcd API and other guides.
- Read the full [documentation][fulldoc].
- Explore the full gRPC [API][api].
- Set up a [multi-machine cluster][clustering].
- Learn the [config format, env variables and flags][configuration].
- Find [language bindings and tools][libraries-and-tools].
- Use TLS to [secure an etcd cluster][security].
- [Tune etcd][tuning].
[fulldoc]: ./Documentation/docs.md
[api]: ./Documentation/dev-guide/api_reference_v3.md
[clustering]: ./Documentation/op-guide/clustering.md
[configuration]: ./Documentation/op-guide/configuration.md
[libraries-and-tools]: ./Documentation/libraries-and-tools.md
[security]: ./Documentation/op-guide/security.md
[tuning]: ./Documentation/tuning.md
## Contact
- Mailing list: [etcd-dev](https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!forum/etcd-dev)
- IRC: #[etcd](irc://irc.freenode.org:6667/#etcd) on freenode.org
- Planning/Roadmap: [milestones](https://github.com/coreos/etcd/milestones), [roadmap](./ROADMAP.md)
- Bugs: [issues](https://github.com/coreos/etcd/issues)
## Contributing
See [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details on submitting patches and the contribution workflow.
## Reporting bugs
See [reporting bugs](Documentation/reporting_bugs.md) for details about reporting any issue you may encounter.
### License
etcd is under the Apache 2.0 license. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.

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# etcd/client
etcd/client is the Go client library for etcd.
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/etcd/client?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/etcd/client)
etcd uses `cmd/vendor` directory to store external dependencies, which are
to be compiled into etcd release binaries. `client` can be imported without
vendoring. For full compatibility, it is recommended to vendor builds using
etcd's vendored packages, using tools like godep, as in
[vendor directories](https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Vendor_Directories).
For more detail, please read [Go vendor design](https://golang.org/s/go15vendor).
## Install
```bash
go get github.com/coreos/etcd/client
```
## Usage
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"time"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/client"
)
func main() {
cfg := client.Config{
Endpoints: []string{"http://127.0.0.1:2379"},
Transport: client.DefaultTransport,
// set timeout per request to fail fast when the target endpoint is unavailable
HeaderTimeoutPerRequest: time.Second,
}
c, err := client.New(cfg)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
kapi := client.NewKeysAPI(c)
// set "/foo" key with "bar" value
log.Print("Setting '/foo' key with 'bar' value")
resp, err := kapi.Set(context.Background(), "/foo", "bar", nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
} else {
// print common key info
log.Printf("Set is done. Metadata is %q\n", resp)
}
// get "/foo" key's value
log.Print("Getting '/foo' key value")
resp, err = kapi.Get(context.Background(), "/foo", nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
} else {
// print common key info
log.Printf("Get is done. Metadata is %q\n", resp)
// print value
log.Printf("%q key has %q value\n", resp.Node.Key, resp.Node.Value)
}
}
```
## Error Handling
etcd client might return three types of errors.
- context error
Each API call has its first parameter as `context`. A context can be canceled or have an attached deadline. If the context is canceled or reaches its deadline, the responding context error will be returned no matter what internal errors the API call has already encountered.
- cluster error
Each API call tries to send request to the cluster endpoints one by one until it successfully gets a response. If a requests to an endpoint fails, due to exceeding per request timeout or connection issues, the error will be added into a list of errors. If all possible endpoints fail, a cluster error that includes all encountered errors will be returned.
- response error
If the response gets from the cluster is invalid, a plain string error will be returned. For example, it might be a invalid JSON error.
Here is the example code to handle client errors:
```go
cfg := client.Config{Endpoints: []string{"http://etcd1:2379","http://etcd2:2379","http://etcd3:2379"}}
c, err := client.New(cfg)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
kapi := client.NewKeysAPI(c)
resp, err := kapi.Set(ctx, "test", "bar", nil)
if err != nil {
if err == context.Canceled {
// ctx is canceled by another routine
} else if err == context.DeadlineExceeded {
// ctx is attached with a deadline and it exceeded
} else if cerr, ok := err.(*client.ClusterError); ok {
// process (cerr.Errors)
} else {
// bad cluster endpoints, which are not etcd servers
}
}
```
## Caveat
1. etcd/client prefers to use the same endpoint as long as the endpoint continues to work well. This saves socket resources, and improves efficiency for both client and server side. This preference doesn't remove consistency from the data consumed by the client because data replicated to each etcd member has already passed through the consensus process.
2. etcd/client does round-robin rotation on other available endpoints if the preferred endpoint isn't functioning properly. For example, if the member that etcd/client connects to is hard killed, etcd/client will fail on the first attempt with the killed member, and succeed on the second attempt with another member. If it fails to talk to all available endpoints, it will return all errors happened.
3. Default etcd/client cannot handle the case that the remote server is SIGSTOPed now. TCP keepalive mechanism doesn't help in this scenario because operating system may still send TCP keep-alive packets. Over time we'd like to improve this functionality, but solving this issue isn't high priority because a real-life case in which a server is stopped, but the connection is kept alive, hasn't been brought to our attention.
4. etcd/client cannot detect whether a member is healthy with watches and non-quorum read requests. If the member is isolated from the cluster, etcd/client may retrieve outdated data. Instead, users can either issue quorum read requests or monitor the /health endpoint for member health information.

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pkg/ is a collection of utility packages used by etcd without being specific to etcd itself. A package belongs here
only if it could possibly be moved out into its own repository in the future.

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# Raft library
Raft is a protocol with which a cluster of nodes can maintain a replicated state machine.
The state machine is kept in sync through the use of a replicated log.
For more details on Raft, see "In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm"
(https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/raft.pdf) by Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout.
This Raft library is stable and feature complete. As of 2016, it is **the most widely used** Raft library in production, serving tens of thousands clusters each day. It powers distributed systems such as etcd, Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, Cloud Foundry Diego, CockroachDB, TiDB, Project Calico, Flannel, and more.
Most Raft implementations have a monolithic design, including storage handling, messaging serialization, and network transport. This library instead follows a minimalistic design philosophy by only implementing the core raft algorithm. This minimalism buys flexibility, determinism, and performance.
To keep the codebase small as well as provide flexibility, the library only implements the Raft algorithm; both network and disk IO are left to the user. Library users must implement their own transportation layer for message passing between Raft peers over the wire. Similarly, users must implement their own storage layer to persist the Raft log and state.
In order to easily test the Raft library, its behavior should be deterministic. To achieve this determinism, the library models Raft as a state machine. The state machine takes a `Message` as input. A message can either be a local timer update or a network message sent from a remote peer. The state machine's output is a 3-tuple `{[]Messages, []LogEntries, NextState}` consisting of an array of `Messages`, `log entries`, and `Raft state changes`. For state machines with the same state, the same state machine input should always generate the same state machine output.
A simple example application, _raftexample_, is also available to help illustrate
how to use this package in practice:
https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/contrib/raftexample
# Features
This raft implementation is a full feature implementation of Raft protocol. Features includes:
- Leader election
- Log replication
- Log compaction
- Membership changes
- Leadership transfer extension
- Efficient linearizable read-only queries served by both the leader and followers
- leader checks with quorum and bypasses Raft log before processing read-only queries
- followers asks leader to get a safe read index before processing read-only queries
- More efficient lease-based linearizable read-only queries served by both the leader and followers
- leader bypasses Raft log and processing read-only queries locally
- followers asks leader to get a safe read index before processing read-only queries
- this approach relies on the clock of the all the machines in raft group
This raft implementation also includes a few optional enhancements:
- Optimistic pipelining to reduce log replication latency
- Flow control for log replication
- Batching Raft messages to reduce synchronized network I/O calls
- Batching log entries to reduce disk synchronized I/O
- Writing to leader's disk in parallel
- Internal proposal redirection from followers to leader
- Automatic stepping down when the leader loses quorum
## Notable Users
- [cockroachdb](https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach) A Scalable, Survivable, Strongly-Consistent SQL Database
- [dgraph](https://github.com/dgraph-io/dgraph) A Scalable, Distributed, Low Latency, High Throughput Graph Database
- [etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd) A distributed reliable key-value store
- [tikv](https://github.com/pingcap/tikv) A Distributed transactional key value database powered by Rust and Raft
- [swarmkit](https://github.com/docker/swarmkit) A toolkit for orchestrating distributed systems at any scale.
## Usage
The primary object in raft is a Node. You either start a Node from scratch
using raft.StartNode or start a Node from some initial state using raft.RestartNode.
To start a three-node cluster
```go
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
c := &Config{
ID: 0x01,
ElectionTick: 10,
HeartbeatTick: 1,
Storage: storage,
MaxSizePerMsg: 4096,
MaxInflightMsgs: 256,
}
// Set peer list to the other nodes in the cluster.
// Note that they need to be started separately as well.
n := raft.StartNode(c, []raft.Peer{{ID: 0x02}, {ID: 0x03}})
```
You can start a single node cluster, like so:
```go
// Create storage and config as shown above.
// Set peer list to itself, so this node can become the leader of this single-node cluster.
peers := []raft.Peer{{ID: 0x01}}
n := raft.StartNode(c, peers)
```
To allow a new node to join this cluster, do not pass in any peers. First, you need add the node to the existing cluster by calling `ProposeConfChange` on any existing node inside the cluster. Then, you can start the node with empty peer list, like so:
```go
// Create storage and config as shown above.
n := raft.StartNode(c, nil)
```
To restart a node from previous state:
```go
storage := raft.NewMemoryStorage()
// Recover the in-memory storage from persistent snapshot, state and entries.
storage.ApplySnapshot(snapshot)
storage.SetHardState(state)
storage.Append(entries)
c := &Config{
ID: 0x01,
ElectionTick: 10,
HeartbeatTick: 1,
Storage: storage,
MaxSizePerMsg: 4096,
MaxInflightMsgs: 256,
}
// Restart raft without peer information.
// Peer information is already included in the storage.
n := raft.RestartNode(c)
```
Now that you are holding onto a Node you have a few responsibilities:
First, you must read from the Node.Ready() channel and process the updates
it contains. These steps may be performed in parallel, except as noted in step
2.
1. Write HardState, Entries, and Snapshot to persistent storage if they are
not empty. Note that when writing an Entry with Index i, any
previously-persisted entries with Index >= i must be discarded.
2. Send all Messages to the nodes named in the To field. It is important that
no messages be sent until the latest HardState has been persisted to disk,
and all Entries written by any previous Ready batch (Messages may be sent while
entries from the same batch are being persisted). To reduce the I/O latency, an
optimization can be applied to make leader write to disk in parallel with its
followers (as explained at section 10.2.1 in Raft thesis). If any Message has type
MsgSnap, call Node.ReportSnapshot() after it has been sent (these messages may be
large). Note: Marshalling messages is not thread-safe; it is important that you
make sure that no new entries are persisted while marshalling.
The easiest way to achieve this is to serialise the messages directly inside
your main raft loop.
3. Apply Snapshot (if any) and CommittedEntries to the state machine.
If any committed Entry has Type EntryConfChange, call Node.ApplyConfChange()
to apply it to the node. The configuration change may be cancelled at this point
by setting the NodeID field to zero before calling ApplyConfChange
(but ApplyConfChange must be called one way or the other, and the decision to cancel
must be based solely on the state machine and not external information such as
the observed health of the node).
4. Call Node.Advance() to signal readiness for the next batch of updates.
This may be done at any time after step 1, although all updates must be processed
in the order they were returned by Ready.
Second, all persisted log entries must be made available via an
implementation of the Storage interface. The provided MemoryStorage
type can be used for this (if you repopulate its state upon a
restart), or you can supply your own disk-backed implementation.
Third, when you receive a message from another node, pass it to Node.Step:
```go
func recvRaftRPC(ctx context.Context, m raftpb.Message) {
n.Step(ctx, m)
}
```
Finally, you need to call `Node.Tick()` at regular intervals (probably
via a `time.Ticker`). Raft has two important timeouts: heartbeat and the
election timeout. However, internally to the raft package time is
represented by an abstract "tick".
The total state machine handling loop will look something like this:
```go
for {
select {
case <-s.Ticker:
n.Tick()
case rd := <-s.Node.Ready():
saveToStorage(rd.State, rd.Entries, rd.Snapshot)
send(rd.Messages)
if !raft.IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) {
processSnapshot(rd.Snapshot)
}
for _, entry := range rd.CommittedEntries {
process(entry)
if entry.Type == raftpb.EntryConfChange {
var cc raftpb.ConfChange
cc.Unmarshal(entry.Data)
s.Node.ApplyConfChange(cc)
}
}
s.Node.Advance()
case <-s.done:
return
}
}
```
To propose changes to the state machine from your node take your application
data, serialize it into a byte slice and call:
```go
n.Propose(ctx, data)
```
If the proposal is committed, data will appear in committed entries with type
raftpb.EntryNormal. There is no guarantee that a proposed command will be
committed; you may have to re-propose after a timeout.
To add or remove node in a cluster, build ConfChange struct 'cc' and call:
```go
n.ProposeConfChange(ctx, cc)
```
After config change is committed, some committed entry with type
raftpb.EntryConfChange will be returned. You must apply it to node through:
```go
var cc raftpb.ConfChange
cc.Unmarshal(data)
n.ApplyConfChange(cc)
```
Note: An ID represents a unique node in a cluster for all time. A
given ID MUST be used only once even if the old node has been removed.
This means that for example IP addresses make poor node IDs since they
may be reused. Node IDs must be non-zero.
## Implementation notes
This implementation is up to date with the final Raft thesis
(https://ramcloud.stanford.edu/~ongaro/thesis.pdf), although our
implementation of the membership change protocol differs somewhat from
that described in chapter 4. The key invariant that membership changes
happen one node at a time is preserved, but in our implementation the
membership change takes effect when its entry is applied, not when it
is added to the log (so the entry is committed under the old
membership instead of the new). This is equivalent in terms of safety,
since the old and new configurations are guaranteed to overlap.
To ensure that we do not attempt to commit two membership changes at
once by matching log positions (which would be unsafe since they
should have different quorum requirements), we simply disallow any
proposed membership change while any uncommitted change appears in
the leader's log.
This approach introduces a problem when you try to remove a member
from a two-member cluster: If one of the members dies before the
other one receives the commit of the confchange entry, then the member
cannot be removed any more since the cluster cannot make progress.
For this reason it is highly recommended to use three or more nodes in
every cluster.

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# go-systemd
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/go-systemd.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/go-systemd)
[![godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/go-systemd?status.svg)](http://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/go-systemd)
Go bindings to systemd. The project has several packages:
- `activation` - for writing and using socket activation from Go
- `dbus` - for starting/stopping/inspecting running services and units
- `journal` - for writing to systemd's logging service, journald
- `sdjournal` - for reading from journald by wrapping its C API
- `machine1` - for registering machines/containers with systemd
- `unit` - for (de)serialization and comparison of unit files
## Socket Activation
An example HTTP server using socket activation can be quickly set up by following this README on a Linux machine running systemd:
https://github.com/coreos/go-systemd/tree/master/examples/activation/httpserver
## Journal
Using the pure-Go `journal` package you can submit journal entries directly to systemd's journal, taking advantage of features like indexed key/value pairs for each log entry.
The `sdjournal` package provides read access to the journal by wrapping around journald's native C API; consequently it requires cgo and the journal headers to be available.
## D-Bus
The `dbus` package connects to the [systemd D-Bus API](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/dbus/) and lets you start, stop and introspect systemd units. The API docs are here:
http://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus
### Debugging
Create `/etc/dbus-1/system-local.conf` that looks like this:
```
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC
"-//freedesktop//DTD D-Bus Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
<policy user="root">
<allow eavesdrop="true"/>
<allow eavesdrop="true" send_destination="*"/>
</policy>
</busconfig>
```
## machined
The `machine1` package allows interaction with the [systemd machined D-Bus API](http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/machined/).
## Units
The `unit` package provides various functions for working with [systemd unit files](http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.unit.html).

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a collection of go utility packages
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/pkg.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/coreos/pkg)
[![Godoc](http://img.shields.io/badge/godoc-reference-blue.svg?style=flat)](https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/pkg)

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# capnslog, the CoreOS logging package
There are far too many logging packages out there, with varying degrees of licenses, far too many features (colorization, all sorts of log frameworks) or are just a pain to use (lack of `Fatalln()`?).
capnslog provides a simple but consistent logging interface suitable for all kinds of projects.
### Design Principles
##### `package main` is the place where logging gets turned on and routed
A library should not touch log options, only generate log entries. Libraries are silent until main lets them speak.
##### All log options are runtime-configurable.
Still the job of `main` to expose these configurations. `main` may delegate this to, say, a configuration webhook, but does so explicitly.
##### There is one log object per package. It is registered under its repository and package name.
`main` activates logging for its repository and any dependency repositories it would also like to have output in its logstream. `main` also dictates at which level each subpackage logs.
##### There is *one* output stream, and it is an `io.Writer` composed with a formatter.
Splitting streams is probably not the job of your program, but rather, your log aggregation framework. If you must split output streams, again, `main` configures this and you can write a very simple two-output struct that satisfies io.Writer.
Fancy colorful formatting and JSON output are beyond the scope of a basic logging framework -- they're application/log-collector dependant. These are, at best, provided as options, but more likely, provided by your application.
##### Log objects are an interface
An object knows best how to print itself. Log objects can collect more interesting metadata if they wish, however, because text isn't going away anytime soon, they must all be marshalable to text. The simplest log object is a string, which returns itself. If you wish to do more fancy tricks for printing your log objects, see also JSON output -- introspect and write a formatter which can handle your advanced log interface. Making strings is the only thing guaranteed.
##### Log levels have specific meanings:
* Critical: Unrecoverable. Must fail.
* Error: Data has been lost, a request has failed for a bad reason, or a required resource has been lost
* Warning: (Hopefully) Temporary conditions that may cause errors, but may work fine. A replica disappearing (that may reconnect) is a warning.
* Notice: Normal, but important (uncommon) log information.
* Info: Normal, working log information, everything is fine, but helpful notices for auditing or common operations.
* Debug: Everything is still fine, but even common operations may be logged, and less helpful but more quantity of notices.
* Trace: Anything goes, from logging every function call as part of a common operation, to tracing execution of a query.

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go-spew
=======
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/davecgh/go-spew.png?branch=master)]
(https://travis-ci.org/davecgh/go-spew) [![Coverage Status]
(https://coveralls.io/repos/davecgh/go-spew/badge.png?branch=master)]
(https://coveralls.io/r/davecgh/go-spew?branch=master)
Go-spew implements a deep pretty printer for Go data structures to aid in
debugging. A comprehensive suite of tests with 100% test coverage is provided
to ensure proper functionality. See `test_coverage.txt` for the gocov coverage
report. Go-spew is licensed under the liberal ISC license, so it may be used in
open source or commercial projects.
If you're interested in reading about how this package came to life and some
of the challenges involved in providing a deep pretty printer, there is a blog
post about it
[here](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304013555/https://blog.cyphertite.com/go-spew-a-journey-into-dumping-go-data-structures/).
## Documentation
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew?status.png)]
(http://godoc.org/github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew)
Full `go doc` style documentation for the project can be viewed online without
installing this package by using the excellent GoDoc site here:
http://godoc.org/github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew
You can also view the documentation locally once the package is installed with
the `godoc` tool by running `godoc -http=":6060"` and pointing your browser to
http://localhost:6060/pkg/github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew
## Installation
```bash
$ go get -u github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew
```
## Quick Start
Add this import line to the file you're working in:
```Go
import "github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
```
To dump a variable with full newlines, indentation, type, and pointer
information use Dump, Fdump, or Sdump:
```Go
spew.Dump(myVar1, myVar2, ...)
spew.Fdump(someWriter, myVar1, myVar2, ...)
str := spew.Sdump(myVar1, myVar2, ...)
```
Alternatively, if you would prefer to use format strings with a compacted inline
printing style, use the convenience wrappers Printf, Fprintf, etc with %v (most
compact), %+v (adds pointer addresses), %#v (adds types), or %#+v (adds types
and pointer addresses):
```Go
spew.Printf("myVar1: %v -- myVar2: %+v", myVar1, myVar2)
spew.Printf("myVar3: %#v -- myVar4: %#+v", myVar3, myVar4)
spew.Fprintf(someWriter, "myVar1: %v -- myVar2: %+v", myVar1, myVar2)
spew.Fprintf(someWriter, "myVar3: %#v -- myVar4: %#+v", myVar3, myVar4)
```
## Debugging a Web Application Example
Here is an example of how you can use `spew.Sdump()` to help debug a web application. Please be sure to wrap your output using the `html.EscapeString()` function for safety reasons. You should also only use this debugging technique in a development environment, never in production.
```Go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"html"
"net/http"
"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
)
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/html")
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hi there, %s!", r.URL.Path[1:])
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<!--\n" + html.EscapeString(spew.Sdump(w)) + "\n-->")
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
```
## Sample Dump Output
```
(main.Foo) {
unexportedField: (*main.Bar)(0xf84002e210)({
flag: (main.Flag) flagTwo,
data: (uintptr) <nil>
}),
ExportedField: (map[interface {}]interface {}) {
(string) "one": (bool) true
}
}
([]uint8) {
00000000 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 |............... |
00000010 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 |!"#$%&'()*+,-./0|
00000020 31 32 |12|
}
```
## Sample Formatter Output
Double pointer to a uint8:
```
%v: <**>5
%+v: <**>(0xf8400420d0->0xf8400420c8)5
%#v: (**uint8)5
%#+v: (**uint8)(0xf8400420d0->0xf8400420c8)5
```
Pointer to circular struct with a uint8 field and a pointer to itself:
```
%v: <*>{1 <*><shown>}
%+v: <*>(0xf84003e260){ui8:1 c:<*>(0xf84003e260)<shown>}
%#v: (*main.circular){ui8:(uint8)1 c:(*main.circular)<shown>}
%#+v: (*main.circular)(0xf84003e260){ui8:(uint8)1 c:(*main.circular)(0xf84003e260)<shown>}
```
## Configuration Options
Configuration of spew is handled by fields in the ConfigState type. For
convenience, all of the top-level functions use a global state available via the
spew.Config global.
It is also possible to create a ConfigState instance that provides methods
equivalent to the top-level functions. This allows concurrent configuration
options. See the ConfigState documentation for more details.
```
* Indent
String to use for each indentation level for Dump functions.
It is a single space by default. A popular alternative is "\t".
* MaxDepth
Maximum number of levels to descend into nested data structures.
There is no limit by default.
* DisableMethods
Disables invocation of error and Stringer interface methods.
Method invocation is enabled by default.
* DisablePointerMethods
Disables invocation of error and Stringer interface methods on types
which only accept pointer receivers from non-pointer variables. This option
relies on access to the unsafe package, so it will not have any effect when
running in environments without access to the unsafe package such as Google
App Engine or with the "safe" build tag specified.
Pointer method invocation is enabled by default.
* ContinueOnMethod
Enables recursion into types after invoking error and Stringer interface
methods. Recursion after method invocation is disabled by default.
* SortKeys
Specifies map keys should be sorted before being printed. Use
this to have a more deterministic, diffable output. Note that
only native types (bool, int, uint, floats, uintptr and string)
and types which implement error or Stringer interfaces are supported,
with other types sorted according to the reflect.Value.String() output
which guarantees display stability. Natural map order is used by
default.
* SpewKeys
SpewKeys specifies that, as a last resort attempt, map keys should be
spewed to strings and sorted by those strings. This is only considered
if SortKeys is true.
```
## Unsafe Package Dependency
This package relies on the unsafe package to perform some of the more advanced
features, however it also supports a "limited" mode which allows it to work in
environments where the unsafe package is not available. By default, it will
operate in this mode on Google App Engine and when compiled with GopherJS. The
"safe" build tag may also be specified to force the package to build without
using the unsafe package.
## License
Go-spew is licensed under the liberal ISC License.

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[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/deckarep/golang-set.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/deckarep/golang-set)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/deckarep/golang-set?status.png)](http://godoc.org/github.com/deckarep/golang-set)
## golang-set
The missing set collection for the Go language. Until Go has sets built-in...use this.
Coming from Python one of the things I miss is the superbly wonderful set collection. This is my attempt to mimic the primary features of the set from Python.
You can of course argue that there is no need for a set in Go, otherwise the creators would have added one to the standard library. To those I say simply ignore this repository
and carry-on and to the rest that find this useful please contribute in helping me make it better by:
* Helping to make more idiomatic improvements to the code.
* Helping to increase the performance of it. ~~(So far, no attempt has been made, but since it uses a map internally, I expect it to be mostly performant.)~~
* Helping to make the unit-tests more robust and kick-ass.
* Helping to fill in the [documentation.](http://godoc.org/github.com/deckarep/golang-set)
* Simply offering feedback and suggestions. (Positive, constructive feedback is appreciated.)
I have to give some credit for helping seed the idea with this post on [stackoverflow.](http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/177428/sets-data-structure-in-golang)
*Update* - as of 3/9/2014, you can use a compile-time generic version of this package in the [gen](http://clipperhouse.github.io/gen/) framework. This framework allows you to use the golang-set in a completely generic and type-safe way by allowing you to generate a supporting .go file based on your custom types.
## Features (as of 9/22/2014)
* a CartesionProduct() method has been added with unit-tests: [Read more about the cartesion product](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product)
## Features (as of 9/15/2014)
* a PowerSet() method has been added with unit-tests: [Read more about the Power set](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set)
## Features (as of 4/22/2014)
* One common interface to both implementations
* Two set implementations to choose from
* a thread-safe implementation designed for concurrent use
* a non-thread-safe implementation designed for performance
* 75 benchmarks for both implementations
* 35 unit tests for both implementations
* 14 concurrent tests for the thread-safe implementation
Please see the unit test file for additional usage examples. The Python set documentation will also do a better job than I can of explaining how a set typically [works.](http://docs.python.org/2/library/sets.html) Please keep in mind
however that the Python set is a built-in type and supports additional features and syntax that make it awesome.
## Examples but not exhaustive:
```go
requiredClasses := mapset.NewSet()
requiredClasses.Add("Cooking")
requiredClasses.Add("English")
requiredClasses.Add("Math")
requiredClasses.Add("Biology")
scienceSlice := []interface{}{"Biology", "Chemistry"}
scienceClasses := mapset.NewSetFromSlice(scienceSlice)
electiveClasses := mapset.NewSet()
electiveClasses.Add("Welding")
electiveClasses.Add("Music")
electiveClasses.Add("Automotive")
bonusClasses := mapset.NewSet()
bonusClasses.Add("Go Programming")
bonusClasses.Add("Python Programming")
//Show me all the available classes I can take
allClasses := requiredClasses.Union(scienceClasses).Union(electiveClasses).Union(bonusClasses)
fmt.Println(allClasses) //Set{Cooking, English, Math, Chemistry, Welding, Biology, Music, Automotive, Go Programming, Python Programming}
//Is cooking considered a science class?
fmt.Println(scienceClasses.Contains("Cooking")) //false
//Show me all classes that are not science classes, since I hate science.
fmt.Println(allClasses.Difference(scienceClasses)) //Set{Music, Automotive, Go Programming, Python Programming, Cooking, English, Math, Welding}
//Which science classes are also required classes?
fmt.Println(scienceClasses.Intersect(requiredClasses)) //Set{Biology}
//How many bonus classes do you offer?
fmt.Println(bonusClasses.Cardinality()) //2
//Do you have the following classes? Welding, Automotive and English?
fmt.Println(allClasses.IsSuperset(mapset.NewSetFromSlice([]interface{}{"Welding", "Automotive", "English"}))) //true
```
Thanks!
-Ralph
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# containerd
containerd is a daemon to control runC, built for performance and density.
containerd leverages runC's advanced features such as seccomp and user namespace support as well
as checkpoint and restore for cloning and live migration of containers.
## Getting started
The easiest way to start using containerd is to download binaries from the [releases page](https://github.com/docker/containerd/releases).
The included `ctr` command-line tool allows you interact with the containerd daemon:
```
$ sudo ctr containers start redis /containers/redis
$ sudo ctr containers list
ID PATH STATUS PROCESSES
redis /containers/redis running 14063
```
`/containers/redis` is the path to an OCI bundle. [See the docs for more information.](docs/bundle.md)
## Docs
* [Client CLI reference (`ctr`)](docs/cli.md)
* [Daemon CLI reference (`containerd`)](docs/daemon.md)
* [Creating OCI bundles](docs/bundle.md)
* [containerd changes to the bundle](docs/bundle-changes.md)
* [Attaching to STDIO or TTY](docs/attach.md)
* [Telemetry and metrics](docs/telemetry.md)
All documentation is contained in the `/docs` directory in this repository.
## Building
You will need to make sure that you have Go installed on your system and the containerd repository is cloned
in your `$GOPATH`. You will also need to make sure that you have all the dependencies cloned as well.
Currently, contributing to containerd is not for the first time devs as many dependencies are not vendored and
work is being completed at a high rate.
After that just run `make` and the binaries for the daemon and client will be localed in the `bin/` directory.
## Performance
Starting 1000 containers concurrently runs at 126-140 containers per second.
Overall start times:
```
[containerd] 2015/12/04 15:00:54 count: 1000
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 min: 23ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 max: 355ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 mean: 78ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 stddev: 34ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 median: 73ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 75%: 91ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 95%: 123ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 99%: 287ms
[containerd] 2015/12/04 14:59:54 99.9%: 355ms
```
## Roadmap
The current roadmap and milestones for alpha and beta completion are in the github issues on this repository. Please refer to these issues for what is being worked on and completed for the various stages of development.
## Copyright and license
Copyright © 2016 Docker, Inc. All rights reserved, except as follows. Code
is released under the Apache 2.0 license. The README.md file, and files in the
"docs" folder are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License under the terms and conditions set forth in the file
"LICENSE.docs". You may obtain a duplicate copy of the same license, titled
CC-BY-SA-4.0, at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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# Distribution
The Docker toolset to pack, ship, store, and deliver content.
This repository's main product is the Docker Registry 2.0 implementation
for storing and distributing Docker images. It supersedes the
[docker/docker-registry](https://github.com/docker/docker-registry)
project with a new API design, focused around security and performance.
<img src="https://www.docker.com/sites/default/files/oyster-registry-3.png" width=200px/>
[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/distribution/tree/master.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/distribution/tree/master)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/distribution?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/distribution)
This repository contains the following components:
|**Component** |Description |
|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **registry** | An implementation of the [Docker Registry HTTP API V2](docs/spec/api.md) for use with docker 1.6+. |
| **libraries** | A rich set of libraries for interacting with distribution components. Please see [godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/distribution) for details. **Note**: These libraries are **unstable**. |
| **specifications** | _Distribution_ related specifications are available in [docs/spec](docs/spec) |
| **documentation** | Docker's full documentation set is available at [docs.docker.com](https://docs.docker.com). This repository [contains the subset](docs/) related just to the registry. |
### How does this integrate with Docker engine?
This project should provide an implementation to a V2 API for use in the [Docker
core project](https://github.com/docker/docker). The API should be embeddable
and simplify the process of securely pulling and pushing content from `docker`
daemons.
### What are the long term goals of the Distribution project?
The _Distribution_ project has the further long term goal of providing a
secure tool chain for distributing content. The specifications, APIs and tools
should be as useful with Docker as they are without.
Our goal is to design a professional grade and extensible content distribution
system that allow users to:
* Enjoy an efficient, secured and reliable way to store, manage, package and
exchange content
* Hack/roll their own on top of healthy open-source components
* Implement their own home made solution through good specs, and solid
extensions mechanism.
## More about Registry 2.0
The new registry implementation provides the following benefits:
- faster push and pull
- new, more efficient implementation
- simplified deployment
- pluggable storage backend
- webhook notifications
For information on upcoming functionality, please see [ROADMAP.md](ROADMAP.md).
### Who needs to deploy a registry?
By default, Docker users pull images from Docker's public registry instance.
[Installing Docker](https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/) gives users this
ability. Users can also push images to a repository on Docker's public registry,
if they have a [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/) account.
For some users and even companies, this default behavior is sufficient. For
others, it is not.
For example, users with their own software products may want to maintain a
registry for private, company images. Also, you may wish to deploy your own
image repository for images used to test or in continuous integration. For these
use cases and others, [deploying your own registry instance](https://github.com/docker/docker.github.io/blob/master/registry/deploying.md)
may be the better choice.
### Migration to Registry 2.0
For those who have previously deployed their own registry based on the Registry
1.0 implementation and wish to deploy a Registry 2.0 while retaining images,
data migration is required. A tool to assist with migration efforts has been
created. For more information see [docker/migrator]
(https://github.com/docker/migrator).
## Contribute
Please see [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details on how to contribute
issues, fixes, and patches to this project. If you are contributing code, see
the instructions for [building a development environment](BUILDING.md).
## Support
If any issues are encountered while using the _Distribution_ project, several
avenues are available for support:
<table>
<tr>
<th align="left">
IRC
</th>
<td>
#docker-distribution on FreeNode
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="left">
Issue Tracker
</th>
<td>
github.com/docker/distribution/issues
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="left">
Google Groups
</th>
<td>
https://groups.google.com/a/dockerproject.org/forum/#!forum/distribution
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="left">
Mailing List
</th>
<td>
docker@dockerproject.org
</td>
</tr>
</table>
## License
This project is distributed under [Apache License, Version 2.0](LICENSE).

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## Introduction
docker-credential-helpers is a suite of programs to use native stores to keep Docker credentials safe.
## Installation
Go to the [Releases](https://github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers/releases) page and download the binary that works better for you. Put that binary in your `$PATH`, so Docker can find it.
### Building from scratch
The programs in this repository are written with the Go programming language. These instructions assume that you have previous knowledge about the language and you have it installed in your machine.
1 - Download the source and put it in your `$GOPATH` with `go get`.
```
$ go get github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers
```
2 - Use `make` to build the program you want. That will leave any executable in the `bin` directory inside the repository.
```
$ cd $GOPATH/docker/docker-credentials-helpers
$ make osxkeychain
```
3 - Put that binary in your `$PATH`, so Docker can find it.
## Usage
### With the Docker Engine
Set the `credsStore` option in your `.docker/config.json` file with the suffix of the program you want to use. For instance, set it to `osxkeychain` if you want to use `docker-credential-osxkeychain`.
```json
{
"credsStore": "osxkeychain"
}
```
### With other command line applications
The sub-package [client](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers/client) includes
functions to call external programs from your own command line applications.
There are three things you need to know if you need to interact with a helper:
1. The name of the program to execute, for instance `docker-credential-osxkeychain`.
2. The server address to identify the credentials, for instance `https://example.com`.
3. The username and secret to store, when you want to store credentials.
You can see examples of each function in the [client](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers/client) documentation.
### Available programs
1. osxkeychain: Provides a helper to use the OS X keychain as credentials store.
2. secretservice: Provides a helper to use the D-Bus secret service as credentials store.
3. wincred: Provides a helper to use Windows credentials manager as store.
## Development
A credential helper can be any program that can read values from the standard input. We use the first argument in the command line to differentiate the kind of command to execute. There are three valid values:
- `store`: Adds credentials to the keychain. The payload in the standard input is a JSON document with `ServerURL`, `Username` and `Secret`.
- `get`: Retrieves credentials from the keychain. The payload in the standard input is the raw value for the `ServerURL`.
- `erase`: Removes credentials from the keychain. The payload in the standard input is the raw value for the `ServerURL`.
This repository also includes libraries to implement new credentials programs in Go. Adding a new helper program is pretty easy. You can see how the OS X keychain helper works in the [osxkeychain](osxkeychain) directory.
1. Implement the interface `credentials.Helper` in `YOUR_PACKAGE/YOUR_PACKAGE_$GOOS.go`
2. Create a main program in `YOUR_PACKAGE/cmd/main_$GOOS.go`.
3. Add make tasks to build your program and run tests.
## License
MIT. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for more information.

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[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-connections?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-connections)
# Introduction
go-connections provides common package to work with network connections.
## Usage
See the [docs in godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-connections) for examples and documentation.
## License
go-connections is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for the full license text.

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# Docker Events Package
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-events?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-events)
[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/go-events.svg?style=shield)](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/go-events)
The Docker `events` package implements a composable event distribution package
for Go.
Originally created to implement the [notifications in Docker Registry
2](https://github.com/docker/distribution/blob/master/docs/notifications.md),
we've found the pattern to be useful in other applications. This package is
most of the same code with slightly updated interfaces. Much of the internals
have been made available.
## Usage
The `events` package centers around a `Sink` type. Events are written with
calls to `Sink.Write(event Event)`. Sinks can be wired up in various
configurations to achieve interesting behavior.
The canonical example is that employed by the
[docker/distribution/notifications](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/distribution/notifications)
package. Let's say we have a type `httpSink` where we'd like to queue
notifications. As a rule, it should send a single http request and return an
error if it fails:
```go
func (h *httpSink) Write(event Event) error {
p, err := json.Marshal(event)
if err != nil {
return err
}
body := bytes.NewReader(p)
resp, err := h.client.Post(h.url, "application/json", body)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
if resp.Status != 200 {
return errors.New("unexpected status")
}
return nil
}
// implement (*httpSink).Close()
```
With just that, we can start using components from this package. One can call
`(*httpSink).Write` to send events as the body of a post request to a
configured URL.
### Retries
HTTP can be unreliable. The first feature we'd like is to have some retry:
```go
hs := newHTTPSink(/*...*/)
retry := NewRetryingSink(hs, NewBreaker(5, time.Second))
```
We now have a sink that will retry events against the `httpSink` until they
succeed. The retry will backoff for one second after 5 consecutive failures
using the breaker strategy.
### Queues
This isn't quite enough. We we want a sink that doesn't block while we are
waiting for events to be sent. Let's add a `Queue`:
```go
queue := NewQueue(retry)
```
Now, we have an unbounded queue that will work through all events sent with
`(*Queue).Write`. Events can be added asynchronously to the queue without
blocking the current execution path. This is ideal for use in an http request.
### Broadcast
It usually turns out that you want to send to more than one listener. We can
use `Broadcaster` to support this:
```go
var broadcast = NewBroadcaster() // make it available somewhere in your application.
broadcast.Add(queue) // add your queue!
broadcast.Add(queue2) // and another!
```
With the above, we can now call `broadcast.Write` in our http handlers and have
all the events distributed to each queue. Because the events are queued, not
listener blocks another.
### Extending
For the most part, the above is sufficient for a lot of applications. However,
extending the above functionality can be done implementing your own `Sink`. The
behavior and semantics of the sink can be completely dependent on the
application requirements. The interface is provided below for reference:
```go
type Sink {
Write(Event) error
Close() error
}
```
Application behavior can be controlled by how `Write` behaves. The examples
above are designed to queue the message and return as quickly as possible.
Other implementations may block until the event is committed to durable
storage.
## Copyright and license
Copyright © 2016 Docker, Inc. go-events is licensed under the Apache License,
Version 2.0. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for the full license text.

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# go-metrics [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-metrics?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-metrics) ![Badge Badge](http://doyouevenbadge.com/github.com/docker/go-metrics)
This package is small wrapper around the prometheus go client to help enforce convention and best practices for metrics collection in Docker projects.
## Status
This project is a work in progress.
It is under heavy development and not intended to be used.
## Docs
Package documentation can be found [here](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-metrics).
## Additional Metrics
Additional metrics are also defined here that are not avaliable in the prometheus client.
If you need a custom metrics and it is generic enough to be used by multiple projects, define it here.
## Copyright and license
Copyright © 2016 Docker, Inc. All rights reserved, except as follows. Code is released under the Apache 2.0 license. The README.md file, and files in the "docs" folder are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License under the terms and conditions set forth in the file "LICENSE.docs". You may obtain a duplicate copy of the same license, titled CC-BY-SA-4.0, at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-units?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-units)
# Introduction
go-units is a library to transform human friendly measurements into machine friendly values.
## Usage
See the [docs in godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-units) for examples and documentation.
## Copyright and license
Copyright © 2015 Docker, Inc.
go-units is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for the full text of the license.

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[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/jfrazelle/go.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/jfrazelle/go)
This is a repository used for building go packages based off upstream with
small patches.
It is only used so far for a canonical json pkg.
I hope we do not need to use it for anything else in the future.
**To update:**
```console
$ make update
```
This will nuke the current package, clone upstream and apply the patch.

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=======================================================================
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# libkv
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/libkv?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/libkv)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/docker/libkv.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/docker/libkv)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/docker/libkv/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/docker/libkv)
[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/libkv)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/libkv)
`libkv` provides a `Go` native library to store metadata.
The goal of `libkv` is to abstract common store operations for multiple distributed and/or local Key/Value store backends.
For example, you can use it to store your metadata or for service discovery to register machines and endpoints inside your cluster.
You can also easily implement a generic *Leader Election* on top of it (see the [docker/leadership](https://github.com/docker/leadership) repository).
As of now, `libkv` offers support for `Consul`, `Etcd`, `Zookeeper` (**Distributed** store) and `BoltDB` (**Local** store).
## Usage
`libkv` is meant to be used as an abstraction layer over existing distributed Key/Value stores. It is especially useful if you plan to support `consul`, `etcd` and `zookeeper` using the same codebase.
It is ideal if you plan for something written in Go that should support:
- A simple metadata storage, distributed or local
- A lightweight discovery service for your nodes
- A distributed lock mechanism
You can find examples of usage for `libkv` under in `docs/examples.go`. Optionally you can also take a look at the `docker/swarm` or `docker/libnetwork` repositories which are using `docker/libkv` for all the use cases listed above.
## Supported versions
`libkv` supports:
- Consul versions >= `0.5.1` because it uses Sessions with `Delete` behavior for the use of `TTLs` (mimics zookeeper's Ephemeral node support), If you don't plan to use `TTLs`: you can use Consul version `0.4.0+`.
- Etcd versions >= `2.0` because it uses the new `coreos/etcd/client`, this might change in the future as the support for `APIv3` comes along and adds more capabilities.
- Zookeeper versions >= `3.4.5`. Although this might work with previous version but this remains untested as of now.
- Boltdb, which shouldn't be subject to any version dependencies.
## Interface
A **storage backend** in `libkv` should implement (fully or partially) this interface:
```go
type Store interface {
Put(key string, value []byte, options *WriteOptions) error
Get(key string) (*KVPair, error)
Delete(key string) error
Exists(key string) (bool, error)
Watch(key string, stopCh <-chan struct{}) (<-chan *KVPair, error)
WatchTree(directory string, stopCh <-chan struct{}) (<-chan []*KVPair, error)
NewLock(key string, options *LockOptions) (Locker, error)
List(directory string) ([]*KVPair, error)
DeleteTree(directory string) error
AtomicPut(key string, value []byte, previous *KVPair, options *WriteOptions) (bool, *KVPair, error)
AtomicDelete(key string, previous *KVPair) (bool, error)
Close()
}
```
## Compatibility matrix
Backend drivers in `libkv` are generally divided between **local drivers** and **distributed drivers**. Distributed backends offer enhanced capabilities like `Watches` and/or distributed `Locks`.
Local drivers are usually used in complement to the distributed drivers to store informations that only needs to be available locally.
| Calls | Consul | Etcd | Zookeeper | BoltDB |
|-----------------------|:----------:|:------:|:-----------:|:--------:|
| Put | X | X | X | X |
| Get | X | X | X | X |
| Delete | X | X | X | X |
| Exists | X | X | X | X |
| Watch | X | X | X | |
| WatchTree | X | X | X | |
| NewLock (Lock/Unlock) | X | X | X | |
| List | X | X | X | X |
| DeleteTree | X | X | X | X |
| AtomicPut | X | X | X | X |
| Close | X | X | X | X |
## Limitations
Distributed Key/Value stores often have different concepts for managing and formatting keys and their associated values. Even though `libkv` tries to abstract those stores aiming for some consistency, in some cases it can't be applied easily.
Please refer to the `docs/compatibility.md` to see what are the special cases for cross-backend compatibility.
Other than those special cases, you should expect the same experience for basic operations like `Get`/`Put`, etc.
Calls like `WatchTree` may return different events (or number of events) depending on the backend (for now, `Etcd` and `Consul` will likely return more events than `Zookeeper` that you should triage properly). Although you should be able to use it successfully to watch on events in an interchangeable way (see the **docker/leadership** repository or the **pkg/discovery/kv** package in **docker/docker**).
## TLS
Only `Consul` and `etcd` have support for TLS and you should build and provide your own `config.TLS` object to feed the client. Support is planned for `zookeeper`.
##Roadmap
- Make the API nicer to use (using `options`)
- Provide more options (`consistency` for example)
- Improve performance (remove extras `Get`/`List` operations)
- Better key formatting
- New backends?
##Contributing
Want to hack on libkv? [Docker's contributions guidelines](https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) apply.
##Copyright and license
Copyright © 2014-2016 Docker, Inc. All rights reserved, except as follows. Code is released under the Apache 2.0 license. The README.md file, and files in the "docs" folder are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License under the terms and conditions set forth in the file "LICENSE.docs". You may obtain a duplicate copy of the same license, titled CC-BY-SA-4.0, at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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# libnetwork - networking for containers
[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/libnetwork/tree/master.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/libnetwork/tree/master) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/docker/libnetwork/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/r/docker/libnetwork) [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/libnetwork?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/libnetwork)
Libnetwork provides a native Go implementation for connecting containers
The goal of libnetwork is to deliver a robust Container Network Model that provides a consistent programming interface and the required network abstractions for applications.
#### Design
Please refer to the [design](docs/design.md) for more information.
#### Using libnetwork
There are many networking solutions available to suit a broad range of use-cases. libnetwork uses a driver / plugin model to support all of these solutions while abstracting the complexity of the driver implementations by exposing a simple and consistent Network Model to users.
```go
func main() {
if reexec.Init() {
return
}
// Select and configure the network driver
networkType := "bridge"
// Create a new controller instance
driverOptions := options.Generic{}
genericOption := make(map[string]interface{})
genericOption[netlabel.GenericData] = driverOptions
controller, err := libnetwork.New(config.OptionDriverConfig(networkType, genericOption))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("libnetwork.New: %s", err)
}
// Create a network for containers to join.
// NewNetwork accepts Variadic optional arguments that libnetwork and Drivers can use.
network, err := controller.NewNetwork(networkType, "network1", "")
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("controller.NewNetwork: %s", err)
}
// For each new container: allocate IP and interfaces. The returned network
// settings will be used for container infos (inspect and such), as well as
// iptables rules for port publishing. This info is contained or accessible
// from the returned endpoint.
ep, err := network.CreateEndpoint("Endpoint1")
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("network.CreateEndpoint: %s", err)
}
// Create the sandbox for the container.
// NewSandbox accepts Variadic optional arguments which libnetwork can use.
sbx, err := controller.NewSandbox("container1",
libnetwork.OptionHostname("test"),
libnetwork.OptionDomainname("docker.io"))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("controller.NewSandbox: %s", err)
}
// A sandbox can join the endpoint via the join api.
err = ep.Join(sbx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("ep.Join: %s", err)
}
// libnetwork client can check the endpoint's operational data via the Info() API
epInfo, err := ep.DriverInfo()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("ep.DriverInfo: %s", err)
}
macAddress, ok := epInfo[netlabel.MacAddress]
if !ok {
log.Fatalf("failed to get mac address from endpoint info")
}
fmt.Printf("Joined endpoint %s (%s) to sandbox %s (%s)\n", ep.Name(), macAddress, sbx.ContainerID(), sbx.Key())
}
```
## Future
Please refer to [roadmap](ROADMAP.md) for more information.
## Contributing
Want to hack on libnetwork? [Docker's contributions guidelines](https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) apply.
## Copyright and license
Code and documentation copyright 2015 Docker, inc. Code released under the Apache 2.0 license. Docs released under Creative commons.

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Package resolvconf provides utility code to query and update DNS configuration in /etc/resolv.conf

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# libtrust
Libtrust is library for managing authentication and authorization using public key cryptography.
Authentication is handled using the identity attached to the public key.
Libtrust provides multiple methods to prove possession of the private key associated with an identity.
- TLS x509 certificates
- Signature verification
- Key Challenge
Authorization and access control is managed through a distributed trust graph.
Trust servers are used as the authorities of the trust graph and allow caching portions of the graph for faster access.
## Copyright and license
Code and documentation copyright 2014 Docker, inc. Code released under the Apache 2.0 license.
Docs released under Creative commons.

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# Notary
[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/notary/tree/master.svg?style=shield)](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/notary/tree/master) [![CodeCov](https://codecov.io/github/docker/notary/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/docker/notary) [![GoReportCard](https://goreportcard.com/badge/docker/notary)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/notary)
The Notary project comprises a [server](cmd/notary-server) and a [client](cmd/notary) for running and interacting
with trusted collections. Please see the [service architecture](docs/service_architecture.md) documentation
for more information.
Notary aims to make the internet more secure by making it easy for people to
publish and verify content. We often rely on TLS to secure our communications
with a web server which is inherently flawed, as any compromise of the server
enables malicious content to be substituted for the legitimate content.
With Notary, publishers can sign their content offline using keys kept highly
secure. Once the publisher is ready to make the content available, they can
push their signed trusted collection to a Notary Server.
Consumers, having acquired the publisher's public key through a secure channel,
can then communicate with any notary server or (insecure) mirror, relying
only on the publisher's key to determine the validity and integrity of the
received content.
## Goals
Notary is based on [The Update Framework](https://www.theupdateframework.com/), a secure general design for the problem of software distribution and updates. By using TUF, notary achieves a number of key advantages:
* **Survivable Key Compromise**: Content publishers must manage keys in order to sign their content. Signing keys may be compromised or lost so systems must be designed in order to be flexible and recoverable in the case of key compromise. TUF's notion of key roles is utilized to separate responsibilities across a hierarchy of keys such that loss of any particular key (except the root role) by itself is not fatal to the security of the system.
* **Freshness Guarantees**: Replay attacks are a common problem in designing secure systems, where previously valid payloads are replayed to trick another system. The same problem exists in the software update systems, where old signed can be presented as the most recent. notary makes use of timestamping on publishing so that consumers can know that they are receiving the most up to date content. This is particularly important when dealing with software update where old vulnerable versions could be used to attack users.
* **Configurable Trust Thresholds**: Oftentimes there are a large number of publishers that are allowed to publish a particular piece of content. For example, open source projects where there are a number of core maintainers. Trust thresholds can be used so that content consumers require a configurable number of signatures on a piece of content in order to trust it. Using thresholds increases security so that loss of individual signing keys doesn't allow publishing of malicious content.
* **Signing Delegation**: To allow for flexible publishing of trusted collections, a content publisher can delegate part of their collection to another signer. This delegation is represented as signed metadata so that a consumer of the content can verify both the content and the delegation.
* **Use of Existing Distribution**: Notary's trust guarantees are not tied at all to particular distribution channels from which content is delivered. Therefore, trust can be added to any existing content delivery mechanism.
* **Untrusted Mirrors and Transport**: All of the notary metadata can be mirrored and distributed via arbitrary channels.
## Security
Please see our [service architecture docs](docs/service_architecture.md#threat-model) for more information about our threat model, which details the varying survivability and severities for key compromise as well as mitigations.
Our last security audit was on July 31, 2015 by NCC ([results](docs/resources/ncc_docker_notary_audit_2015_07_31.pdf)).
Any security vulnerabilities can be reported to security@docker.com.
# Getting started with the Notary CLI
Please get the Notary Client CLI binary from [the official releases page](https://github.com/docker/notary/releases) or you can [build one yourself](#building-notary).
The version of Notary server and signer should be greater than or equal to Notary CLI's version to ensure feature compatibility (ex: CLI version 0.2, server/signer version >= 0.2), and all official releases are associated with GitHub tags.
To use the Notary CLI with Docker hub images, please have a look at our
[getting started docs](docs/getting_started.md).
For more advanced usage, please see the
[advanced usage docs](docs/advanced_usage.md).
To use the CLI against a local Notary server rather than against Docker Hub:
1. Please ensure that you have [docker and docker-compose](http://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) installed.
1. `git clone https://github.com/docker/notary.git` and from the cloned repository path,
start up a local Notary server and signer and copy the config file and testing certs to your
local notary config directory:
```sh
$ docker-compose build
$ docker-compose up -d
$ mkdir -p ~/.notary && cp cmd/notary/config.json cmd/notary/root-ca.crt ~/.notary
```
1. Add `127.0.0.1 notary-server` to your `/etc/hosts`, or if using docker-machine,
add `$(docker-machine ip) notary-server`).
You can run through the examples in the
[getting started docs](docs/getting_started.md) and
[advanced usage docs](docs/advanced_usage.md), but
without the `-s` (server URL) argument to the `notary` command since the server
URL is specified already in the configuration, file you copied.
You can also leave off the `-d ~/.docker/trust` argument if you do not care
to use `notary` with Docker images.
## Building Notary
Prerequisites:
- Go >= 1.7
- [godep](https://github.com/tools/godep) installed
- libtool development headers installed
- Ubuntu: `apt-get install libltdl-dev`
- CentOS/RedHat: `yum install libtool-ltdl-devel`
- Mac OS ([Homebrew](http://brew.sh/)): `brew install libtool`
Run `make binaries`, which creates the Notary Client CLI binary at `bin/notary`.
Note that `make binaries` assumes a standard Go directory structure, in which
Notary is checked out to the `src` directory in your `GOPATH`. For example:
```
$GOPATH/
src/
github.com/
docker/
notary/
```

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## Credits
This implementation was originally forked from [flynn/go-tuf](https://github.com/flynn/go-tuf)
This implementation retains the same 3 Clause BSD license present on
the original flynn implementation.

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# [SwarmKit](https://github.com/docker/swarmkit)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/swarmkit?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/swarmkit)
[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/swarmkit.svg?style=shield&circle-token=a7bf494e28963703a59de71cf19b73ad546058a7)](https://circleci.com/gh/docker/swarmkit)
[![codecov.io](https://codecov.io/github/docker/swarmkit/coverage.svg?branch=master&token=LqD1dzTjsN)](https://codecov.io/github/docker/swarmkit?branch=master)
[![Badge Badge](http://doyouevenbadge.com/github.com/docker/swarmkit)](http://doyouevenbadge.com/report/github.com/docker/swarmkit)
*SwarmKit* is a toolkit for orchestrating distributed systems at any scale. It includes primitives for node discovery, raft-based consensus, task scheduling and more.
Its main benefits are:
- **Distributed**: *SwarmKit* uses the [Raft Consensus Algorithm](https://raft.github.io/) in order to coordinate and does not rely on a single point of failure to perform decisions.
- **Secure**: Node communication and membership within a *Swarm* are secure out of the box. *SwarmKit* uses mutual TLS for node *authentication*, *role authorization* and *transport encryption*, automating both certificate issuance and rotation.
- **Simple**: *SwarmKit* is operationally simple and minimizes infrastructure dependencies. It does not need an external database to operate.
## Overview
Machines running *SwarmKit* can be grouped together in order to form a *Swarm*, coordinating tasks with each other.
Once a machine joins, it becomes a *Swarm Node*. Nodes can either be *worker* nodes or *manager* nodes.
- **Worker Nodes** are responsible for running Tasks using an *Executor*. *SwarmKit* comes with a default *Docker Container Executor* that can be easily swapped out.
- **Manager Nodes** on the other hand accept specifications from the user and are responsible for reconciling the desired state with the actual cluster state.
An operator can dynamically update a Node's role by promoting a Worker to Manager or demoting a Manager to Worker.
*Tasks* are organized in *Services*. A service is a higher level abstraction that allows the user to declare the desired state of a group of tasks.
Services define what type of task should be created as well as how to execute them (e.g. run this many replicas at all times) and how to update them (e.g. rolling updates).
## Features
Some of *SwarmKit*'s main features are:
- **Orchestration**
- **Desired State Reconciliation**: *SwarmKit* constantly compares the desired state against the current cluster state and reconciles the two if necessary. For instance, if a node fails, *SwarmKit* reschedules its tasks onto a different node.
- **Service Types**: There are different types of services. The project currently ships with two of them out of the box
- **Replicated Services** are scaled to the desired number of replicas.
- **Global Services** run one task on every available node in the cluster.
- **Configurable Updates**: At any time, you can change the value of one or more fields for a service. After you make the update, *SwarmKit* reconciles the desired state by ensuring all tasks are using the desired settings. By default, it performs a lockstep update - that is, update all tasks at the same time. This can be configured through different knobs:
- **Parallelism** defines how many updates can be performed at the same time.
- **Delay** sets the minimum delay between updates. *SwarmKit* will start by shutting down the previous task, bring up a new one, wait for it to transition to the *RUNNING* state *then* wait for the additional configured delay. Finally, it will move onto other tasks.
- **Restart Policies**: The orchestration layer monitors tasks and reacts to failures based on the specified policy. The operator can define restart conditions, delays and limits (maximum number of attempts in a given time window). *SwarmKit* can decide to restart a task on a different machine. This means that faulty nodes will gradually be drained of their tasks.
- **Scheduling**
- **Resource Awareness**: *SwarmKit* is aware of resources available on nodes and will place tasks accordingly.
- **Constraints**: Operators can limit the set of nodes where a task can be scheduled by defining constraint expressions. Multiple constraints find nodes that satisfy every expression, i.e., an `AND` match. Constraints can match node attributes in the following table. Note that `engine.labels` are collected from Docker Engine with information like operating system, drivers, etc. `node.labels` are added by cluster administrators for operational purpose. For example, some nodes have security compliant labels to run tasks with compliant requirements.
| node attribute | matches | example |
|:------------- |:-------------| :-------------|
| node.id | node's ID | `node.id == 2ivku8v2gvtg4`|
| node.hostname | node's hostname | `node.hostname != node-2`|
| node.ip | node's IP address | `node.ip != 172.19.17.0/24`|
| node.role | node's manager or worker role | `node.role == manager`|
| node.platform.os | node's operating system | `node.platform.os == linux`|
| node.platform.arch | node's architecture | `node.platform.arch == x86_64`|
| node.labels | node's labels added by cluster admins | `node.labels.security == high`|
| engine.labels | Docker Engine's labels | `engine.labels.operatingsystem == ubuntu 14.04`|
- **Strategies**: The project currently ships with a *spread strategy* which will attempt to schedule tasks on the least loaded
nodes, provided they meet the constraints and resource requirements.
- **Cluster Management**
- **State Store**: Manager nodes maintain a strongly consistent, replicated (Raft based) and extremely fast (in-memory reads) view of the cluster which allows them to make quick scheduling decisions while tolerating failures.
- **Topology Management**: Node roles (*Worker* / *Manager*) can be dynamically changed through API/CLI calls.
- **Node Management**: An operator can alter the desired availability of a node: Setting it to *Paused* will prevent any further tasks from being scheduled to it while *Drained* will have the same effect while also re-scheduling its tasks somewhere else (mostly for maintenance scenarios).
- **Security**
- **Mutual TLS**: All nodes communicate with each other using mutual *TLS*. Swarm managers act as a *Root Certificate Authority*, issuing certificates to new nodes.
- **Token-based Join**: All nodes require a cryptographic token to join the swarm, which defines that node's role. Tokens can be rotated as often as desired without affecting already-joined nodes.
- **Certificate Rotation**: TLS Certificates are rotated and reloaded transparently on every node, allowing a user to set how frequently rotation should happen (the current default is 3 months, the minimum is 30 minutes).
## Build
Requirements:
- Go 1.6 or higher
- A [working golang](https://golang.org/doc/code.html) environment
- [Protobuf 3.x or higher] (https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/downloads) to regenerate protocol buffer files (e.g. using `make generate`)
*SwarmKit* is built in Go and leverages a standard project structure to work well with Go tooling.
If you are new to Go, please see [BUILDING.md](BUILDING.md) for a more detailed guide.
Once you have *SwarmKit* checked out in your `$GOPATH`, the `Makefile` can be used for common tasks.
From the project root directory, run the following to build `swarmd` and `swarmctl`:
```sh
$ make binaries
```
## Test
Before running tests for the first time, setup the tooling:
```sh
$ make setup
```
Then run:
```sh
$ make all
```
## Usage Examples
### Setting up a Swarm
These instructions assume that `swarmd` and `swarmctl` are in your PATH.
(Before starting, make sure `/tmp/node-N` don't exist)
Initialize the first node:
```sh
$ swarmd -d /tmp/node-1 --listen-control-api /tmp/node-1/swarm.sock --hostname node-1
```
Before joining cluster, the token should be fetched:
```
$ export SWARM_SOCKET=/tmp/node-1/swarm.sock
$ swarmctl cluster inspect default
ID : 87d2ecpg12dfonxp3g562fru1
Name : default
Orchestration settings:
Task history entries: 5
Dispatcher settings:
Dispatcher heartbeat period: 5s
Certificate Authority settings:
Certificate Validity Duration: 2160h0m0s
Join Tokens:
Worker: SWMTKN-1-3vi7ajem0jed8guusgvyl98nfg18ibg4pclify6wzac6ucrhg3-0117z3s2ytr6egmmnlr6gd37n
Manager: SWMTKN-1-3vi7ajem0jed8guusgvyl98nfg18ibg4pclify6wzac6ucrhg3-d1ohk84br3ph0njyexw0wdagx
```
In two additional terminals, join two nodes. From the example below, replace `127.0.0.1:4242`
with the address of the first node, and use the `<Worker Token>` acquired above.
In this example, the `<Worker Token>` is `SWMTKN-1-3vi7ajem0jed8guusgvyl98nfg18ibg4pclify6wzac6ucrhg3-0117z3s2ytr6egmmnlr6gd37n`.
If the joining nodes run on the same host as `node-1`, select a different remote
listening port, e.g., `--listen-remote-api 127.0.0.1:4343`.
```sh
$ swarmd -d /tmp/node-2 --hostname node-2 --join-addr 127.0.0.1:4242 --join-token <Worker Token>
$ swarmd -d /tmp/node-3 --hostname node-3 --join-addr 127.0.0.1:4242 --join-token <Worker Token>
```
In a fourth terminal, use `swarmctl` to explore and control the cluster. Before
running `swarmctl`, set the `SWARM_SOCKET` environment variable to the path of the
manager socket that was specified in `--listen-control-api` when starting the
manager.
To list nodes:
```
$ export SWARM_SOCKET=/tmp/node-1/swarm.sock
$ swarmctl node ls
ID Name Membership Status Availability Manager Status
-- ---- ---------- ------ ------------ --------------
3x12fpoi36eujbdkgdnbvbi6r node-2 ACCEPTED READY ACTIVE
4spl3tyipofoa2iwqgabsdcve node-1 ACCEPTED READY ACTIVE REACHABLE *
dknwk1uqxhnyyujq66ho0h54t node-3 ACCEPTED READY ACTIVE
```
### Creating Services
Start a *redis* service:
```
$ swarmctl service create --name redis --image redis:3.0.5
08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
```
List the running services:
```
$ swarmctl service ls
ID Name Image Replicas
-- ---- ----- --------
08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le redis redis:3.0.5 1/1
```
Inspect the service:
```
$ swarmctl service inspect redis
ID : 08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
Name : redis
Replicas : 1/1
Template
Container
Image : redis:3.0.5
Task ID Service Slot Image Desired State Last State Node
------- ------- ---- ----- ------------- ---------- ----
0xk1ir8wr85lbs8sqg0ug03vr redis 1 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minutes ago node-1
```
### Updating Services
You can update any attribute of a service.
For example, you can scale the service by changing the instance count:
```
$ swarmctl service update redis --replicas 6
08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
$ swarmctl service inspect redis
ID : 08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
Name : redis
Replicas : 6/6
Template
Container
Image : redis:3.0.5
Task ID Service Slot Image Desired State Last State Node
------- ------- ---- ----- ------------- ---------- ----
0xk1ir8wr85lbs8sqg0ug03vr redis 1 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 3 minutes ago node-1
25m48y9fevrnh77til1d09vqq redis 2 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 28 seconds ago node-3
42vwc8z93c884anjgpkiatnx6 redis 3 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 28 seconds ago node-2
d41f3wnf9dex3mk6jfqp4tdjw redis 4 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 28 seconds ago node-2
66lefnooz63met6yfrsk6myvg redis 5 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 28 seconds ago node-1
3a2sawtoyk19wqhmtuiq7z9pt redis 6 redis:3.0.5 RUNNING RUNNING 28 seconds ago node-3
```
Changing *replicas* from *1* to *6* forced *SwarmKit* to create *5* additional Tasks in order to
comply with the desired state.
Every other field can be changed as well, such as image, args, env, ...
Let's change the image from *redis:3.0.5* to *redis:3.0.6* (e.g. upgrade):
```
$ swarmctl service update redis --image redis:3.0.6
08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
$ swarmctl service inspect redis
ID : 08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
Name : redis
Replicas : 6/6
Update Status
State : COMPLETED
Started : 3 minutes ago
Completed : 1 minute ago
Message : update completed
Template
Container
Image : redis:3.0.6
Task ID Service Slot Image Desired State Last State Node
------- ------- ---- ----- ------------- ---------- ----
0udsjss61lmwz52pke5hd107g redis 1 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-3
b8o394v840thk10tamfqlwztb redis 2 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-1
efw7j66xqpoj3cn3zjkdrwff7 redis 3 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-3
8ajeipzvxucs3776e4z8gemey redis 4 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-2
f05f2lbqzk9fh4kstwpulygvu redis 5 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-2
7sbpoy82deq7hu3q9cnucfin6 redis 6 redis:3.0.6 RUNNING RUNNING 1 minute ago node-1
```
By default, all tasks are updated at the same time.
This behavior can be changed by defining update options.
For instance, in order to update tasks 2 at a time and wait at least 10 seconds between updates:
```
$ swarmctl service update redis --image redis:3.0.7 --update-parallelism 2 --update-delay 10s
$ watch -n1 "swarmctl service inspect redis" # watch the update
```
This will update 2 tasks, wait for them to become *RUNNING*, then wait an additional 10 seconds before moving to other tasks.
Update options can be set at service creation and updated later on. If an update command doesn't specify update options, the last set of options will be used.
### Node Management
*SwarmKit* monitors node health. In the case of node failures, it re-schedules tasks to other nodes.
An operator can manually define the *Availability* of a node and can *Pause* and *Drain* nodes.
Let's put `node-1` into maintenance mode:
```
$ swarmctl node drain node-1
$ swarmctl node ls
ID Name Membership Status Availability Manager Status
-- ---- ---------- ------ ------------ --------------
3x12fpoi36eujbdkgdnbvbi6r node-2 ACCEPTED READY ACTIVE
4spl3tyipofoa2iwqgabsdcve node-1 ACCEPTED READY DRAIN REACHABLE *
dknwk1uqxhnyyujq66ho0h54t node-3 ACCEPTED READY ACTIVE
$ swarmctl service inspect redis
ID : 08ecg7vc7cbf9k57qs722n2le
Name : redis
Replicas : 6/6
Update Status
State : COMPLETED
Started : 2 minutes ago
Completed : 1 minute ago
Message : update completed
Template
Container
Image : redis:3.0.7
Task ID Service Slot Image Desired State Last State Node
------- ------- ---- ----- ------------- ---------- ----
8uy2fy8dqbwmlvw5iya802tj0 redis 1 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 23 seconds ago node-2
7h9lgvidypcr7q1k3lfgohb42 redis 2 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 2 minutes ago node-3
ae4dl0chk3gtwm1100t5yeged redis 3 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 23 seconds ago node-3
9fz7fxbg0igypstwliyameobs redis 4 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 2 minutes ago node-3
drzndxnjz3c8iujdewzaplgr6 redis 5 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 23 seconds ago node-2
7rcgciqhs4239quraw7evttyf redis 6 redis:3.0.7 RUNNING RUNNING 2 minutes ago node-2
```
As you can see, every Task running on `node-1` was rebalanced to either `node-2` or `node-3` by the reconciliation loop.

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### Notice
Do not change .pb.go files directly. You need to change the corresponding .proto files and run the following command to regenerate the .pb.go files.
```
$ make generate
```
Click [here](https://github.com/google/protobuf) for more information about protobuf.

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fluent-logger-golang
====
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fluent/fluent-logger-golang.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fluent/fluent-logger-golang)
## A structured event logger for Fluentd (Golang)
## How to install
```
go get github.com/fluent/fluent-logger-golang/fluent
```
## Usage
Install the package with `go get` and use `import` to include it in your project.
```
import "github.com/fluent/fluent-logger-golang/fluent"
```
GoDoc: http://godoc.org/github.com/fluent/fluent-logger-golang/fluent
##Example
```go
package main
import (
"github.com/fluent/fluent-logger-golang/fluent"
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
logger, err := fluent.New(fluent.Config{})
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
}
defer logger.Close()
tag := "myapp.access"
var data = map[string]string{
"foo": "bar",
"hoge": "hoge",
}
error := logger.Post(tag, data)
// error := logger.Post(tag, time.Time.Now(), data)
if error != nil {
panic(error)
}
}
```
`data` must be a value like `map[string]literal`, `map[string]interface{}` or `struct`. Logger refers tags `msg` or `codec` of each fields of structs.
## Setting config values
```go
f := fluent.New(fluent.Config{FluentPort: 80, FluentHost: "example.com"})
```
## Tests
```
go test
```

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go-shlex is a simple lexer for go that supports shell-style quoting,
commenting, and escaping.

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# File system notifications for Go
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify) [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify) [![Coverage](http://gocover.io/_badge/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify)](http://gocover.io/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify)
Go 1.3+ required.
Cross platform: Windows, Linux, BSD and OS X.
|Adapter |OS |Status |
|----------|----------|----------|
|inotify |Linux 2.6.27 or later, Android\*|Supported [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fsnotify/fsnotify.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fsnotify/fsnotify)|
|kqueue |BSD, OS X, iOS\*|Supported [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fsnotify/fsnotify.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fsnotify/fsnotify)|
|ReadDirectoryChangesW|Windows|Supported [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ivwjubaih4r0udeh/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/NathanYoungman/fsnotify/branch/master)|
|FSEvents |OS X |[Planned](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/11)|
|FEN |Solaris 11 |[In Progress](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/12)|
|fanotify |Linux 2.6.37+ | |
|USN Journals |Windows |[Maybe](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/53)|
|Polling |*All* |[Maybe](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/9)|
\* Android and iOS are untested.
Please see [the documentation](https://godoc.org/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify) for usage. Consult the [Wiki](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/wiki) for the FAQ and further information.
## API stability
fsnotify is a fork of [howeyc/fsnotify](https://godoc.org/github.com/howeyc/fsnotify) with a new API as of v1.0. The API is based on [this design document](http://goo.gl/MrYxyA).
All [releases](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/releases) are tagged based on [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/). Further API changes are [planned](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/milestones), and will be tagged with a new major revision number.
Go 1.6 supports dependencies located in the `vendor/` folder. Unless you are creating a library, it is recommended that you copy fsnotify into `vendor/github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify` within your project.
## Contributing
Please refer to [CONTRIBUTING][] before opening an issue or pull request.
## Example
See [example_test.go](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/blob/master/example_test.go).
[contributing]: https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
## Related Projects
* [notify](https://github.com/rjeczalik/notify)
* [fsevents](https://github.com/fsnotify/fsevents)

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Go-check
========
This is a fork of https://github.com/go-check/check
The intention of this fork is not to change any of the original behavior, but add
some specific behaviors needed for some of my projects already using this test suite.
For documentation on the main behavior of go-check see the aforementioned repo.
The original branch is intact at `orig_v1`

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ini [![Build Status](https://drone.io/github.com/go-ini/ini/status.png)](https://drone.io/github.com/go-ini/ini/latest) [![](http://gocover.io/_badge/github.com/go-ini/ini)](http://gocover.io/github.com/go-ini/ini)
===
![](https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/10216035?v=3&s=200)
Package ini provides INI file read and write functionality in Go.
[简体中文](README_ZH.md)
## Feature
- Load multiple data sources(`[]byte` or file) with overwrites.
- Read with recursion values.
- Read with parent-child sections.
- Read with auto-increment key names.
- Read with multiple-line values.
- Read with tons of helper methods.
- Read and convert values to Go types.
- Read and **WRITE** comments of sections and keys.
- Manipulate sections, keys and comments with ease.
- Keep sections and keys in order as you parse and save.
## Installation
go get gopkg.in/ini.v1
## Getting Started
### Loading from data sources
A **Data Source** is either raw data in type `[]byte` or a file name with type `string` and you can load **as many as** data sources you want. Passing other types will simply return an error.
```go
cfg, err := ini.Load([]byte("raw data"), "filename")
```
Or start with an empty object:
```go
cfg := ini.Empty()
```
When you cannot decide how many data sources to load at the beginning, you still able to **Append()** them later.
```go
err := cfg.Append("other file", []byte("other raw data"))
```
### Working with sections
To get a section, you would need to:
```go
section, err := cfg.GetSection("section name")
```
For a shortcut for default section, just give an empty string as name:
```go
section, err := cfg.GetSection("")
```
When you're pretty sure the section exists, following code could make your life easier:
```go
section := cfg.Section("")
```
What happens when the section somehow does not exist? Don't panic, it automatically creates and returns a new section to you.
To create a new section:
```go
err := cfg.NewSection("new section")
```
To get a list of sections or section names:
```go
sections := cfg.Sections()
names := cfg.SectionStrings()
```
### Working with keys
To get a key under a section:
```go
key, err := cfg.Section("").GetKey("key name")
```
Same rule applies to key operations:
```go
key := cfg.Section("").Key("key name")
```
To create a new key:
```go
err := cfg.Section("").NewKey("name", "value")
```
To get a list of keys or key names:
```go
keys := cfg.Section("").Keys()
names := cfg.Section("").KeyStrings()
```
To get a clone hash of keys and corresponding values:
```go
hash := cfg.GetSection("").KeysHash()
```
### Working with values
To get a string value:
```go
val := cfg.Section("").Key("key name").String()
```
To validate key value on the fly:
```go
val := cfg.Section("").Key("key name").Validate(func(in string) string {
if len(in) == 0 {
return "default"
}
return in
})
```
To get value with types:
```go
// For boolean values:
// true when value is: 1, t, T, TRUE, true, True, YES, yes, Yes, ON, on, On
// false when value is: 0, f, F, FALSE, false, False, NO, no, No, OFF, off, Off
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").Bool()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").Float64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").Int()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").Int64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").Uint()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").Uint64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").TimeFormat(time.RFC3339)
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").Time() // RFC3339
v = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").MustBool()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").MustFloat64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").MustInt()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").MustInt64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").MustUint()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").MustUint64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTimeFormat(time.RFC3339)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTime() // RFC3339
// Methods start with Must also accept one argument for default value
// when key not found or fail to parse value to given type.
// Except method MustString, which you have to pass a default value.
v = cfg.Section("").Key("String").MustString("default")
v = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").MustBool(true)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").MustFloat64(1.25)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").MustInt(10)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").MustInt64(99)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").MustUint(3)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").MustUint64(6)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now())
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTime(time.Now()) // RFC3339
```
What if my value is three-line long?
```ini
[advance]
ADDRESS = """404 road,
NotFound, State, 5000
Earth"""
```
Not a problem!
```go
cfg.Section("advance").Key("ADDRESS").String()
/* --- start ---
404 road,
NotFound, State, 5000
Earth
------ end --- */
```
That's cool, how about continuation lines?
```ini
[advance]
two_lines = how about \
continuation lines?
lots_of_lines = 1 \
2 \
3 \
4
```
Piece of cake!
```go
cfg.Section("advance").Key("two_lines").String() // how about continuation lines?
cfg.Section("advance").Key("lots_of_lines").String() // 1 2 3 4
```
Note that single quotes around values will be stripped:
```ini
foo = "some value" // foo: some value
bar = 'some value' // bar: some value
```
That's all? Hmm, no.
#### Helper methods of working with values
To get value with given candidates:
```go
v = cfg.Section("").Key("STRING").In("default", []string{"str", "arr", "types"})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").InFloat64(1.1, []float64{1.25, 2.5, 3.75})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").InInt(5, []int{10, 20, 30})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").InInt64(10, []int64{10, 20, 30})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").InUint(4, []int{3, 6, 9})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").InUint64(8, []int64{3, 6, 9})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").InTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now(), []time.Time{time1, time2, time3})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").InTime(time.Now(), []time.Time{time1, time2, time3}) // RFC3339
```
Default value will be presented if value of key is not in candidates you given, and default value does not need be one of candidates.
To validate value in a given range:
```go
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").RangeFloat64(0.0, 1.1, 2.2)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").RangeInt(0, 10, 20)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").RangeInt64(0, 10, 20)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").RangeUint(0, 3, 9)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").RangeUint64(0, 3, 9)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").RangeTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now(), minTime, maxTime)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").RangeTime(time.Now(), minTime, maxTime) // RFC3339
```
To auto-split value into slice:
```go
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("STRINGS").Strings(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64S").Float64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INTS").Ints(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64S").Int64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINTS").Uints(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64S").Uint64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIMES").Times(",")
```
### Save your configuration
Finally, it's time to save your configuration to somewhere.
A typical way to save configuration is writing it to a file:
```go
// ...
err = cfg.SaveTo("my.ini")
err = cfg.SaveToIndent("my.ini", "\t")
```
Another way to save is writing to a `io.Writer` interface:
```go
// ...
cfg.WriteTo(writer)
cfg.WriteToIndent(writer, "\t")
```
## Advanced Usage
### Recursive Values
For all value of keys, there is a special syntax `%(<name>)s`, where `<name>` is the key name in same section or default section, and `%(<name>)s` will be replaced by corresponding value(empty string if key not found). You can use this syntax at most 99 level of recursions.
```ini
NAME = ini
[author]
NAME = Unknwon
GITHUB = https://github.com/%(NAME)s
[package]
FULL_NAME = github.com/go-ini/%(NAME)s
```
```go
cfg.Section("author").Key("GITHUB").String() // https://github.com/Unknwon
cfg.Section("package").Key("FULL_NAME").String() // github.com/go-ini/ini
```
### Parent-child Sections
You can use `.` in section name to indicate parent-child relationship between two or more sections. If the key not found in the child section, library will try again on its parent section until there is no parent section.
```ini
NAME = ini
VERSION = v1
IMPORT_PATH = gopkg.in/%(NAME)s.%(VERSION)s
[package]
CLONE_URL = https://%(IMPORT_PATH)s
[package.sub]
```
```go
cfg.Section("package.sub").Key("CLONE_URL").String() // https://gopkg.in/ini.v1
```
### Auto-increment Key Names
If key name is `-` in data source, then it would be seen as special syntax for auto-increment key name start from 1, and every section is independent on counter.
```ini
[features]
-: Support read/write comments of keys and sections
-: Support auto-increment of key names
-: Support load multiple files to overwrite key values
```
```go
cfg.Section("features").KeyStrings() // []{"#1", "#2", "#3"}
```
### Map To Struct
Want more objective way to play with INI? Cool.
```ini
Name = Unknwon
age = 21
Male = true
Born = 1993-01-01T20:17:05Z
[Note]
Content = Hi is a good man!
Cities = HangZhou, Boston
```
```go
type Note struct {
Content string
Cities []string
}
type Person struct {
Name string
Age int `ini:"age"`
Male bool
Born time.Time
Note
Created time.Time `ini:"-"`
}
func main() {
cfg, err := ini.Load("path/to/ini")
// ...
p := new(Person)
err = cfg.MapTo(p)
// ...
// Things can be simpler.
err = ini.MapTo(p, "path/to/ini")
// ...
// Just map a section? Fine.
n := new(Note)
err = cfg.Section("Note").MapTo(n)
// ...
}
```
Can I have default value for field? Absolutely.
Assign it before you map to struct. It will keep the value as it is if the key is not presented or got wrong type.
```go
// ...
p := &Person{
Name: "Joe",
}
// ...
```
It's really cool, but what's the point if you can't give me my file back from struct?
### Reflect From Struct
Why not?
```go
type Embeded struct {
Dates []time.Time `delim:"|"`
Places []string
None []int
}
type Author struct {
Name string `ini:"NAME"`
Male bool
Age int
GPA float64
NeverMind string `ini:"-"`
*Embeded
}
func main() {
a := &Author{"Unknwon", true, 21, 2.8, "",
&Embeded{
[]time.Time{time.Now(), time.Now()},
[]string{"HangZhou", "Boston"},
[]int{},
}}
cfg := ini.Empty()
err = ini.ReflectFrom(cfg, a)
// ...
}
```
So, what do I get?
```ini
NAME = Unknwon
Male = true
Age = 21
GPA = 2.8
[Embeded]
Dates = 2015-08-07T22:14:22+08:00|2015-08-07T22:14:22+08:00
Places = HangZhou,Boston
None =
```
#### Name Mapper
To save your time and make your code cleaner, this library supports [`NameMapper`](https://gowalker.org/gopkg.in/ini.v1#NameMapper) between struct field and actual section and key name.
There are 2 built-in name mappers:
- `AllCapsUnderscore`: it converts to format `ALL_CAPS_UNDERSCORE` then match section or key.
- `TitleUnderscore`: it converts to format `title_underscore` then match section or key.
To use them:
```go
type Info struct {
PackageName string
}
func main() {
err = ini.MapToWithMapper(&Info{}, ini.TitleUnderscore, []byte("packag_name=ini"))
// ...
cfg, err := ini.Load([]byte("PACKAGE_NAME=ini"))
// ...
info := new(Info)
cfg.NameMapper = ini.AllCapsUnderscore
err = cfg.MapTo(info)
// ...
}
```
Same rules of name mapper apply to `ini.ReflectFromWithMapper` function.
#### Other Notes On Map/Reflect
Any embedded struct is treated as a section by default, and there is no automatic parent-child relations in map/reflect feature:
```go
type Child struct {
Age string
}
type Parent struct {
Name string
Child
}
type Config struct {
City string
Parent
}
```
Example configuration:
```ini
City = Boston
[Parent]
Name = Unknwon
[Child]
Age = 21
```
What if, yes, I'm paranoid, I want embedded struct to be in the same section. Well, all roads lead to Rome.
```go
type Child struct {
Age string
}
type Parent struct {
Name string
Child `ini:"Parent"`
}
type Config struct {
City string
Parent
}
```
Example configuration:
```ini
City = Boston
[Parent]
Name = Unknwon
Age = 21
```
## Getting Help
- [API Documentation](https://gowalker.org/gopkg.in/ini.v1)
- [File An Issue](https://github.com/go-ini/ini/issues/new)
## FAQs
### What does `BlockMode` field do?
By default, library lets you read and write values so we need a locker to make sure your data is safe. But in cases that you are very sure about only reading data through the library, you can set `cfg.BlockMode = false` to speed up read operations about **50-70%** faster.
### Why another INI library?
Many people are using my another INI library [goconfig](https://github.com/Unknwon/goconfig), so the reason for this one is I would like to make more Go style code. Also when you set `cfg.BlockMode = false`, this one is about **10-30%** faster.
To make those changes I have to confirm API broken, so it's safer to keep it in another place and start using `gopkg.in` to version my package at this time.(PS: shorter import path)
## License
This project is under Apache v2 License. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for the full license text.

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本包提供了 Go 语言中读写 INI 文件的功能。
## 功能特性
- 支持覆盖加载多个数据源（`[]byte` 或文件）
- 支持递归读取键值
- 支持读取父子分区
- 支持读取自增键名
- 支持读取多行的键值
- 支持大量辅助方法
- 支持在读取时直接转换为 Go 语言类型
- 支持读取和 **写入** 分区和键的注释
- 轻松操作分区、键值和注释
- 在保存文件时分区和键值会保持原有的顺序
## 下载安装
go get gopkg.in/ini.v1
## 开始使用
### 从数据源加载
一个 **数据源** 可以是 `[]byte` 类型的原始数据，或 `string` 类型的文件路径。您可以加载 **任意多个** 数据源。如果您传递其它类型的数据源，则会直接返回错误。
```go
cfg, err := ini.Load([]byte("raw data"), "filename")
```
或者从一个空白的文件开始：
```go
cfg := ini.Empty()
```
当您在一开始无法决定需要加载哪些数据源时，仍可以使用 **Append()** 在需要的时候加载它们。
```go
err := cfg.Append("other file", []byte("other raw data"))
```
### 操作分区（Section）
获取指定分区：
```go
section, err := cfg.GetSection("section name")
```
如果您想要获取默认分区，则可以用空字符串代替分区名：
```go
section, err := cfg.GetSection("")
```
当您非常确定某个分区是存在的，可以使用以下简便方法：
```go
section := cfg.Section("")
```
如果不小心判断错了，要获取的分区其实是不存在的，那会发生什么呢？没事的，它会自动创建并返回一个对应的分区对象给您。
创建一个分区：
```go
err := cfg.NewSection("new section")
```
获取所有分区对象或名称：
```go
sections := cfg.Sections()
names := cfg.SectionStrings()
```
### 操作键（Key）
获取某个分区下的键：
```go
key, err := cfg.Section("").GetKey("key name")
```
和分区一样，您也可以直接获取键而忽略错误处理：
```go
key := cfg.Section("").Key("key name")
```
创建一个新的键：
```go
err := cfg.Section("").NewKey("name", "value")
```
获取分区下的所有键或键名：
```go
keys := cfg.Section("").Keys()
names := cfg.Section("").KeyStrings()
```
获取分区下的所有键值对的克隆：
```go
hash := cfg.GetSection("").KeysHash()
```
### 操作键值（Value）
获取一个类型为字符串（string）的值：
```go
val := cfg.Section("").Key("key name").String()
```
获取值的同时通过自定义函数进行处理验证：
```go
val := cfg.Section("").Key("key name").Validate(func(in string) string {
if len(in) == 0 {
return "default"
}
return in
})
```
获取其它类型的值：
```go
// 布尔值的规则：
// true 当值为：1, t, T, TRUE, true, True, YES, yes, Yes, ON, on, On
// false 当值为：0, f, F, FALSE, false, False, NO, no, No, OFF, off, Off
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").Bool()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").Float64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").Int()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").Int64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").Uint()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").Uint64()
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").TimeFormat(time.RFC3339)
v, err = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").Time() // RFC3339
v = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").MustBool()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").MustFloat64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").MustInt()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").MustInt64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").MustUint()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").MustUint64()
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTimeFormat(time.RFC3339)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTime() // RFC3339
// 由 Must 开头的方法名允许接收一个相同类型的参数来作为默认值，
// 当键不存在或者转换失败时，则会直接返回该默认值。
// 但是，MustString 方法必须传递一个默认值。
v = cfg.Seciont("").Key("String").MustString("default")
v = cfg.Section("").Key("BOOL").MustBool(true)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").MustFloat64(1.25)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").MustInt(10)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").MustInt64(99)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").MustUint(3)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").MustUint64(6)
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now())
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").MustTime(time.Now()) // RFC3339
```
如果我的值有好多行怎么办？
```ini
[advance]
ADDRESS = """404 road,
NotFound, State, 5000
Earth"""
```
嗯哼？小 case！
```go
cfg.Section("advance").Key("ADDRESS").String()
/* --- start ---
404 road,
NotFound, State, 5000
Earth
------ end --- */
```
赞爆了！那要是我属于一行的内容写不下想要写到第二行怎么办？
```ini
[advance]
two_lines = how about \
continuation lines?
lots_of_lines = 1 \
2 \
3 \
4
```
简直是小菜一碟！
```go
cfg.Section("advance").Key("two_lines").String() // how about continuation lines?
cfg.Section("advance").Key("lots_of_lines").String() // 1 2 3 4
```
需要注意的是，值两侧的单引号会被自动剔除：
```ini
foo = "some value" // foo: some value
bar = 'some value' // bar: some value
```
这就是全部了？哈哈，当然不是。
#### 操作键值的辅助方法
获取键值时设定候选值：
```go
v = cfg.Section("").Key("STRING").In("default", []string{"str", "arr", "types"})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").InFloat64(1.1, []float64{1.25, 2.5, 3.75})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").InInt(5, []int{10, 20, 30})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").InInt64(10, []int64{10, 20, 30})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").InUint(4, []int{3, 6, 9})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").InUint64(8, []int64{3, 6, 9})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").InTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now(), []time.Time{time1, time2, time3})
v = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").InTime(time.Now(), []time.Time{time1, time2, time3}) // RFC3339
```
如果获取到的值不是候选值的任意一个，则会返回默认值，而默认值不需要是候选值中的一员。
验证获取的值是否在指定范围内：
```go
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64").RangeFloat64(0.0, 1.1, 2.2)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT").RangeInt(0, 10, 20)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64").RangeInt64(0, 10, 20)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT").RangeUint(0, 3, 9)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64").RangeUint64(0, 3, 9)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").RangeTimeFormat(time.RFC3339, time.Now(), minTime, maxTime)
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIME").RangeTime(time.Now(), minTime, maxTime) // RFC3339
```
自动分割键值为切片（slice）：
```go
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("STRINGS").Strings(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("FLOAT64S").Float64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INTS").Ints(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("INT64S").Int64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINTS").Uints(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("UINT64S").Uint64s(",")
vals = cfg.Section("").Key("TIMES").Times(",")
```
### 保存配置
终于到了这个时刻，是时候保存一下配置了。
比较原始的做法是输出配置到某个文件：
```go
// ...
err = cfg.SaveTo("my.ini")
err = cfg.SaveToIndent("my.ini", "\t")
```
另一个比较高级的做法是写入到任何实现 `io.Writer` 接口的对象中：
```go
// ...
cfg.WriteTo(writer)
cfg.WriteToIndent(writer, "\t")
```
### 高级用法
#### 递归读取键值
在获取所有键值的过程中，特殊语法 `%(<name>)s` 会被应用，其中 `<name>` 可以是相同分区或者默认分区下的键名。字符串 `%(<name>)s` 会被相应的键值所替代，如果指定的键不存在，则会用空字符串替代。您可以最多使用 99 层的递归嵌套。
```ini
NAME = ini
[author]
NAME = Unknwon
GITHUB = https://github.com/%(NAME)s
[package]
FULL_NAME = github.com/go-ini/%(NAME)s
```
```go
cfg.Section("author").Key("GITHUB").String() // https://github.com/Unknwon
cfg.Section("package").Key("FULL_NAME").String() // github.com/go-ini/ini
```
#### 读取父子分区
您可以在分区名称中使用 `.` 来表示两个或多个分区之间的父子关系。如果某个键在子分区中不存在，则会去它的父分区中再次寻找，直到没有父分区为止。
```ini
NAME = ini
VERSION = v1
IMPORT_PATH = gopkg.in/%(NAME)s.%(VERSION)s
[package]
CLONE_URL = https://%(IMPORT_PATH)s
[package.sub]
```
```go
cfg.Section("package.sub").Key("CLONE_URL").String() // https://gopkg.in/ini.v1
```
#### 读取自增键名
如果数据源中的键名为 `-`，则认为该键使用了自增键名的特殊语法。计数器从 1 开始，并且分区之间是相互独立的。
```ini
[features]
-: Support read/write comments of keys and sections
-: Support auto-increment of key names
-: Support load multiple files to overwrite key values
```
```go
cfg.Section("features").KeyStrings() // []{"#1", "#2", "#3"}
```
### 映射到结构
想要使用更加面向对象的方式玩转 INI 吗？好主意。
```ini
Name = Unknwon
age = 21
Male = true
Born = 1993-01-01T20:17:05Z
[Note]
Content = Hi is a good man!
Cities = HangZhou, Boston
```
```go
type Note struct {
Content string
Cities []string
}
type Person struct {
Name string
Age int `ini:"age"`
Male bool
Born time.Time
Note
Created time.Time `ini:"-"`
}
func main() {
cfg, err := ini.Load("path/to/ini")
// ...
p := new(Person)
err = cfg.MapTo(p)
// ...
// 一切竟可以如此的简单。
err = ini.MapTo(p, "path/to/ini")
// ...
// 嗯哼？只需要映射一个分区吗？
n := new(Note)
err = cfg.Section("Note").MapTo(n)
// ...
}
```
结构的字段怎么设置默认值呢？很简单，只要在映射之前对指定字段进行赋值就可以了。如果键未找到或者类型错误，该值不会发生改变。
```go
// ...
p := &Person{
Name: "Joe",
}
// ...
```
这样玩 INI 真的好酷啊！然而，如果不能还给我原来的配置文件，有什么卵用？
### 从结构反射
可是，我有说不能吗？
```go
type Embeded struct {
Dates []time.Time `delim:"|"`
Places []string
None []int
}
type Author struct {
Name string `ini:"NAME"`
Male bool
Age int
GPA float64
NeverMind string `ini:"-"`
*Embeded
}
func main() {
a := &Author{"Unknwon", true, 21, 2.8, "",
&Embeded{
[]time.Time{time.Now(), time.Now()},
[]string{"HangZhou", "Boston"},
[]int{},
}}
cfg := ini.Empty()
err = ini.ReflectFrom(cfg, a)
// ...
}
```
瞧瞧，奇迹发生了。
```ini
NAME = Unknwon
Male = true
Age = 21
GPA = 2.8
[Embeded]
Dates = 2015-08-07T22:14:22+08:00|2015-08-07T22:14:22+08:00
Places = HangZhou,Boston
None =
```
#### 名称映射器（Name Mapper）
为了节省您的时间并简化代码，本库支持类型为 [`NameMapper`](https://gowalker.org/gopkg.in/ini.v1#NameMapper) 的名称映射器，该映射器负责结构字段名与分区名和键名之间的映射。
目前有 2 款内置的映射器：
- `AllCapsUnderscore`：该映射器将字段名转换至格式 `ALL_CAPS_UNDERSCORE` 后再去匹配分区名和键名。
- `TitleUnderscore`：该映射器将字段名转换至格式 `title_underscore` 后再去匹配分区名和键名。
使用方法：
```go
type Info struct{
PackageName string
}
func main() {
err = ini.MapToWithMapper(&Info{}, ini.TitleUnderscore, []byte("packag_name=ini"))
// ...
cfg, err := ini.Load([]byte("PACKAGE_NAME=ini"))
// ...
info := new(Info)
cfg.NameMapper = ini.AllCapsUnderscore
err = cfg.MapTo(info)
// ...
}
```
使用函数 `ini.ReflectFromWithMapper` 时也可应用相同的规则。
#### 映射/反射的其它说明
任何嵌入的结构都会被默认认作一个不同的分区，并且不会自动产生所谓的父子分区关联：
```go
type Child struct {
Age string
}
type Parent struct {
Name string
Child
}
type Config struct {
City string
Parent
}
```
示例配置文件：
```ini
City = Boston
[Parent]
Name = Unknwon
[Child]
Age = 21
```
很好，但是，我就是要嵌入结构也在同一个分区。好吧，你爹是李刚！
```go
type Child struct {
Age string
}
type Parent struct {
Name string
Child `ini:"Parent"`
}
type Config struct {
City string
Parent
}
```
示例配置文件：
```ini
City = Boston
[Parent]
Name = Unknwon
Age = 21
```
## 获取帮助
- [API 文档](https://gowalker.org/gopkg.in/ini.v1)
- [创建工单](https://github.com/go-ini/ini/issues/new)
## 常见问题
### 字段 `BlockMode` 是什么？
默认情况下，本库会在您进行读写操作时采用锁机制来确保数据时间。但在某些情况下，您非常确定只进行读操作。此时，您可以通过设置 `cfg.BlockMode = false` 来将读操作提升大约 **50-70%** 的性能。
### 为什么要写另一个 INI 解析库？
许多人都在使用我的 [goconfig](https://github.com/Unknwon/goconfig) 来完成对 INI 文件的操作，但我希望使用更加 Go 风格的代码。并且当您设置 `cfg.BlockMode = false` 时，会有大约 **10-30%** 的性能提升。
为了做出这些改变，我必须对 API 进行破坏，所以新开一个仓库是最安全的做法。除此之外，本库直接使用 `gopkg.in` 来进行版本化发布。（其实真相是导入路径更短了）

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dbus
----
dbus is a simple library that implements native Go client bindings for the
D-Bus message bus system.
### Features
* Complete native implementation of the D-Bus message protocol
* Go-like API (channels for signals / asynchronous method calls, Goroutine-safe connections)
* Subpackages that help with the introspection / property interfaces
### Installation
This packages requires Go 1.1. If you installed it and set up your GOPATH, just run:
```
go get github.com/godbus/dbus
```
If you want to use the subpackages, you can install them the same way.
### Usage
The complete package documentation and some simple examples are available at
[godoc.org](http://godoc.org/github.com/godbus/dbus). Also, the
[_examples](https://github.com/godbus/dbus/tree/master/_examples) directory
gives a short overview over the basic usage.
#### Projects using godbus
- [notify](https://github.com/esiqveland/notify) provides desktop notifications over dbus into a library.
Please note that the API is considered unstable for now and may change without
further notice.
### License
go.dbus is available under the Simplified BSD License; see LICENSE for the full
text.
Nearly all of the credit for this library goes to github.com/guelfey/go.dbus.

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GoGoProtobuf http://github.com/gogo/protobuf extends
GoProtobuf http://github.com/golang/protobuf
# Go support for Protocol Buffers
Google's data interchange format.
Copyright 2010 The Go Authors.
https://github.com/golang/protobuf
This package and the code it generates requires at least Go 1.4.
This software implements Go bindings for protocol buffers. For
information about protocol buffers themselves, see
https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
## Installation ##
To use this software, you must:
- Install the standard C++ implementation of protocol buffers from
https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
- Of course, install the Go compiler and tools from
https://golang.org/
See
https://golang.org/doc/install
for details or, if you are using gccgo, follow the instructions at
https://golang.org/doc/install/gccgo
- Grab the code from the repository and install the proto package.
The simplest way is to run `go get -u github.com/golang/protobuf/{proto,protoc-gen-go}`.
The compiler plugin, protoc-gen-go, will be installed in $GOBIN,
defaulting to $GOPATH/bin. It must be in your $PATH for the protocol
compiler, protoc, to find it.
This software has two parts: a 'protocol compiler plugin' that
generates Go source files that, once compiled, can access and manage
protocol buffers; and a library that implements run-time support for
encoding (marshaling), decoding (unmarshaling), and accessing protocol
buffers.
There is support for gRPC in Go using protocol buffers.
See the note at the bottom of this file for details.
There are no insertion points in the plugin.
GoGoProtobuf provides extensions for protocol buffers and GoProtobuf
see http://github.com/gogo/protobuf/gogoproto/doc.go
## Using protocol buffers with Go ##
Once the software is installed, there are two steps to using it.
First you must compile the protocol buffer definitions and then import
them, with the support library, into your program.
To compile the protocol buffer definition, run protoc with the --gogo_out
parameter set to the directory you want to output the Go code to.
protoc --gogo_out=. *.proto
The generated files will be suffixed .pb.go. See the Test code below
for an example using such a file.
The package comment for the proto library contains text describing
the interface provided in Go for protocol buffers. Here is an edited
version.
If you are using any gogo.proto extensions you will need to specify the
proto_path to include the descriptor.proto and gogo.proto.
gogo.proto is located in github.com/gogo/protobuf/gogoproto
This should be fine, since your import is the same.
descriptor.proto is located in either github.com/gogo/protobuf/protobuf
or code.google.com/p/protobuf/trunk/src/
Its import is google/protobuf/descriptor.proto so it might need some help.
protoc --gogo_out=. -I=.:github.com/gogo/protobuf/protobuf *.proto
==========
The proto package converts data structures to and from the
wire format of protocol buffers. It works in concert with the
Go source code generated for .proto files by the protocol compiler.
A summary of the properties of the protocol buffer interface
for a protocol buffer variable v:
- Names are turned from camel_case to CamelCase for export.
- There are no methods on v to set fields; just treat
them as structure fields.
- There are getters that return a field's value if set,
and return the field's default value if unset.
The getters work even if the receiver is a nil message.
- The zero value for a struct is its correct initialization state.
All desired fields must be set before marshaling.
- A Reset() method will restore a protobuf struct to its zero state.
- Non-repeated fields are pointers to the values; nil means unset.
That is, optional or required field int32 f becomes F *int32.
- Repeated fields are slices.
- Helper functions are available to aid the setting of fields.
Helpers for getting values are superseded by the
GetFoo methods and their use is deprecated.
msg.Foo = proto.String("hello") // set field
- Constants are defined to hold the default values of all fields that
have them. They have the form Default_StructName_FieldName.
Because the getter methods handle defaulted values,
direct use of these constants should be rare.
- Enums are given type names and maps from names to values.
Enum values are prefixed with the enum's type name. Enum types have
a String method, and a Enum method to assist in message construction.
- Nested groups and enums have type names prefixed with the name of
the surrounding message type.
- Extensions are given descriptor names that start with E_,
followed by an underscore-delimited list of the nested messages
that contain it (if any) followed by the CamelCased name of the
extension field itself. HasExtension, ClearExtension, GetExtension
and SetExtension are functions for manipulating extensions.
- Oneof field sets are given a single field in their message,
with distinguished wrapper types for each possible field value.
- Marshal and Unmarshal are functions to encode and decode the wire format.
When the .proto file specifies `syntax="proto3"`, there are some differences:
- Non-repeated fields of non-message type are values instead of pointers.
- Getters are only generated for message and oneof fields.
- Enum types do not get an Enum method.
Consider file test.proto, containing
```proto
package example;
enum FOO { X = 17; };
message Test {
required string label = 1;
optional int32 type = 2 [default=77];
repeated int64 reps = 3;
optional group OptionalGroup = 4 {
required string RequiredField = 5;
}
}
```
To create and play with a Test object from the example package,
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
"path/to/example"
)
func main() {
test := &example.Test {
Label: proto.String("hello"),
Type: proto.Int32(17),
Reps: []int64{1, 2, 3},
Optionalgroup: &example.Test_OptionalGroup {
RequiredField: proto.String("good bye"),
},
}
data, err := proto.Marshal(test)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("marshaling error: ", err)
}
newTest := &example.Test{}
err = proto.Unmarshal(data, newTest)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("unmarshaling error: ", err)
}
// Now test and newTest contain the same data.
if test.GetLabel() != newTest.GetLabel() {
log.Fatalf("data mismatch %q != %q", test.GetLabel(), newTest.GetLabel())
}
// etc.
}
```
## Parameters ##
To pass extra parameters to the plugin, use a comma-separated
parameter list separated from the output directory by a colon:
protoc --gogo_out=plugins=grpc,import_path=mypackage:. *.proto
- `import_prefix=xxx` - a prefix that is added onto the beginning of
all imports. Useful for things like generating protos in a
subdirectory, or regenerating vendored protobufs in-place.
- `import_path=foo/bar` - used as the package if no input files
declare `go_package`. If it contains slashes, everything up to the
rightmost slash is ignored.
- `plugins=plugin1+plugin2` - specifies the list of sub-plugins to
load. The only plugin in this repo is `grpc`.
- `Mfoo/bar.proto=quux/shme` - declares that foo/bar.proto is
associated with Go package quux/shme. This is subject to the
import_prefix parameter.
## gRPC Support ##
If a proto file specifies RPC services, protoc-gen-go can be instructed to
generate code compatible with gRPC (http://www.grpc.io/). To do this, pass
the `plugins` parameter to protoc-gen-go; the usual way is to insert it into
the --go_out argument to protoc:
protoc --gogo_out=plugins=grpc:. *.proto
## Compatibility ##
The library and the generated code are expected to be stable over time.
However, we reserve the right to make breaking changes without notice for the
following reasons:
- Security. A security issue in the specification or implementation may come to
light whose resolution requires breaking compatibility. We reserve the right
to address such security issues.
- Unspecified behavior. There are some aspects of the Protocol Buffers
specification that are undefined. Programs that depend on such unspecified
behavior may break in future releases.
- Specification errors or changes. If it becomes necessary to address an
inconsistency, incompleteness, or change in the Protocol Buffers
specification, resolving the issue could affect the meaning or legality of
existing programs. We reserve the right to address such issues, including
updating the implementations.
- Bugs. If the library has a bug that violates the specification, a program
that depends on the buggy behavior may break if the bug is fixed. We reserve
the right to fix such bugs.
- Adding methods or fields to generated structs. These may conflict with field
names that already exist in a schema, causing applications to break. When the
code generator encounters a field in the schema that would collide with a
generated field or method name, the code generator will append an underscore
to the generated field or method name.
- Adding, removing, or changing methods or fields in generated structs that
start with `XXX`. These parts of the generated code are exported out of
necessity, but should not be considered part of the public API.
- Adding, removing, or changing unexported symbols in generated code.
Any breaking changes outside of these will be announced 6 months in advance to
protobuf@googlegroups.com.
You should, whenever possible, use generated code created by the `protoc-gen-go`
tool built at the same commit as the `proto` package. The `proto` package
declares package-level constants in the form `ProtoPackageIsVersionX`.
Application code and generated code may depend on one of these constants to
ensure that compilation will fail if the available version of the proto library
is too old. Whenever we make a change to the generated code that requires newer
library support, in the same commit we will increment the version number of the
generated code and declare a new package-level constant whose name incorporates
the latest version number. Removing a compatibility constant is considered a
breaking change and would be subject to the announcement policy stated above.
## Plugins ##
The `protoc-gen-go/generator` package exposes a plugin interface,
which is used by the gRPC code generation. This interface is not
supported and is subject to incompatible changes without notice.

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# Protocol Buffers for Go with Gadgets
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/gogo/protobuf.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/gogo/protobuf)
gogoprotobuf is a fork of <a href="https://github.com/golang/protobuf">golang/protobuf</a> with extra code generation features.
This code generation is used to achieve:
- fast marshalling and unmarshalling
- more canonical Go structures
- goprotobuf compatibility
- less typing by optionally generating extra helper code
- peace of mind by optionally generating test and benchmark code
- other serialization formats
Keeping track of how up to date gogoprotobuf is relative to golang/protobuf is done in this
<a href="https://github.com/gogo/protobuf/issues/191">issue</a>
## Users
These projects use gogoprotobuf:
- <a href="http://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/etcd">etcd</a> - <a href="https://blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2015/etcd-distributed-key-value-store-with-grpc-http2/">blog</a> - <a href="https://github.com/coreos/etcd/blob/master/etcdserver/etcdserverpb/etcdserver.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://www.spacemonkey.com/">spacemonkey</a> - <a href="https://www.spacemonkey.com/blog/posts/go-space-monkey">blog</a>
- <a href="http://badoo.com">badoo</a> - <a href="https://github.com/badoo/lsd/blob/32061f501c5eca9c76c596d790b450501ba27b2f/proto/lsd.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/mesos/mesos-go">mesos-go</a> - <a href="https://github.com/mesos/mesos-go/blob/master/mesosproto/mesos.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/mozilla-services/heka">heka</a> - <a href="https://github.com/mozilla-services/heka/commit/eb72fbf7d2d28249fbaf8d8dc6607f4eb6f03351">the switch from golang/protobuf to gogo/protobuf when it was still on code.google.com</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach">cockroachdb</a> - <a href="https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/blob/651d54d393e391a30154e9117ab4b18d9ee6d845/roachpb/metadata.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/jbenet/go-ipfs">go-ipfs</a> - <a href="https://github.com/ipfs/go-ipfs/blob/2b6da0c024f28abeb16947fb452787196a6b56a2/merkledag/pb/merkledag.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/philhofer/rkive">rkive-go</a> - <a href="https://github.com/philhofer/rkive/blob/e5dd884d3ea07b341321073882ae28aa16dd11be/rpbc/riak_dt.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://www.dropbox.com">dropbox</a>
- <a href="https://srclib.org/">srclib</a> - <a href="https://github.com/sourcegraph/srclib/blob/6538858f0c410cac5c63440317b8d009e889d3fb/graph/def.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="http://www.adyoulike.com/">adyoulike</a>
- <a href="http://www.cloudfoundry.org/">cloudfoundry</a> - <a href="https://github.com/cloudfoundry/bbs/blob/d673710b8c4211037805129944ee4c5373d6588a/models/events.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="http://kubernetes.io/">kubernetes</a> - <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/88d8628137f94ee816aaa6606ae8cd045dee0bff/cmd/libs/go2idl">go2idl built on top of gogoprotobuf</a>
- <a href="https://dgraph.io/">dgraph</a> - <a href="https://github.com/dgraph-io/dgraph/releases/tag/v0.4.3">release notes</a> - <a href="https://discuss.dgraph.io/t/gogoprotobuf-is-extremely-fast/639">benchmarks</a></a>
- <a href="https://github.com/centrifugal/centrifugo">centrifugo</a> - <a href="https://forum.golangbridge.org/t/centrifugo-real-time-messaging-websocket-or-sockjs-server-v1-5-0-released/2861">release notes</a> - <a href="https://medium.com/@fzambia/centrifugo-protobuf-inside-json-outside-21d39bdabd68#.o3icmgjqd">blog</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/docker/swarmkit">docker swarmkit</a> - <a href="https://github.com/docker/swarmkit/blob/63600e01af3b8da2a0ed1c9fa6e1ae4299d75edb/api/objects.proto">sample proto file</a>
- <a href="https://nats.io/">nats.io</a> - <a href="https://github.com/nats-io/go-nats-streaming/blob/master/pb/protocol.proto">go-nats-streaming</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/pingcap/tidb">tidb</a> - Communication between <a href="https://github.com/pingcap/tipb/blob/master/generate-go.sh#L4">tidb</a> and <a href="https://github.com/pingcap/kvproto/blob/master/generate_go.sh#L3">tikv</a>
Please lets us know if you are using gogoprotobuf by posting on our <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/gogoprotobuf/Brw76BxmFpQ">GoogleGroup</a>.
### Mentioned
- <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/albertstrasheim/serialization-in-go">Cloudflare - go serialization talk - Albert Strasheim</a>
- <a href="http://gophercon.sourcegraph.com/post/83747547505/writing-a-high-performance-database-in-go">gophercon</a>
- <a href="https://github.com/alecthomas/go_serialization_benchmarks">alecthomas' go serialization benchmarks</a>
## Getting Started
There are several ways to use gogoprotobuf, but for all you need to install go and protoc.
After that you can choose:
- Speed
- More Speed and more generated code
- Most Speed and most customization
### Installation
To install it, you must first have Go (at least version 1.3.3) installed (see [http://golang.org/doc/install](http://golang.org/doc/install)). Go 1.5.4, 1.6.3 and 1.7.1 are continuously tested.
Next, install the standard protocol buffer implementation from [https://github.com/google/protobuf](https://github.com/google/protobuf).
Most versions from 2.3.1 should not give any problems, but 2.5.0, 2.6.1 and 3.0.2 are continuously tested.
### Speed
Install the protoc-gen-gofast binary
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/protoc-gen-gofast
Use it to generate faster marshaling and unmarshaling go code for your protocol buffers.
protoc --gofast_out=. myproto.proto
This does not allow you to use any of the other gogoprotobuf [extensions](https://github.com/gogo/protobuf/blob/master/extensions.md).
### More Speed and more generated code
Fields without pointers cause less time in the garbage collector.
More code generation results in more convenient methods.
Other binaries are also included:
protoc-gen-gogofast (same as gofast, but imports gogoprotobuf)
protoc-gen-gogofaster (same as gogofast, without XXX_unrecognized, less pointer fields)
protoc-gen-gogoslick (same as gogofaster, but with generated string, gostring and equal methods)
Installing any of these binaries is easy. Simply run:
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/{binary}
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/gogoproto
These binaries allow you to using gogoprotobuf [extensions](https://github.com/gogo/protobuf/blob/master/extensions.md).
### Most Speed and most customization
Customizing the fields of the messages to be the fields that you actually want to use removes the need to copy between the structs you use and structs you use to serialize.
gogoprotobuf also offers more serialization formats and generation of tests and even more methods.
Please visit the [extensions](https://github.com/gogo/protobuf/blob/master/extensions.md) page for more documentation.
Install protoc-gen-gogo:
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/jsonpb
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/protoc-gen-gogo
go get github.com/gogo/protobuf/gogoproto
## GRPC
It works the same as golang/protobuf, simply specify the plugin.
Here is an example using gofast:
protoc --gofast_out=plugins=grpc:. my.proto

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GoMock is a mocking framework for the [Go programming language][golang]. It
integrates well with Go's built-in `testing` package, but can be used in other
contexts too.
Installation
------------
Once you have [installed Go][golang-install], run these commands
to install the `gomock` package and the `mockgen` tool:
go get github.com/golang/mock/gomock
go get github.com/golang/mock/mockgen
Documentation
-------------
After installing, you can use `go doc` to get documentation:
go doc github.com/golang/mock/gomock
Alternatively, there is an online reference for the package hosted on GoPkgDoc
[here][gomock-ref].
Running mockgen
---------------
`mockgen` has two modes of operation: source and reflect.
Source mode generates mock interfaces from a source file.
It is enabled by using the -source flag. Other flags that
may be useful in this mode are -imports and -aux_files.
Example:
mockgen -source=foo.go [other options]
Reflect mode generates mock interfaces by building a program
that uses reflection to understand interfaces. It is enabled
by passing two non-flag arguments: an import path, and a
comma-separated list of symbols.
Example:
mockgen database/sql/driver Conn,Driver
The `mockgen` command is used to generate source code for a mock
class given a Go source file containing interfaces to be mocked.
It supports the following flags:
* `-source`: A file containing interfaces to be mocked.
* `-destination`: A file to which to write the resulting source code. If you
don't set this, the code is printed to standard output.
* `-package`: The package to use for the resulting mock class
source code. If you don't set this, the package name is `mock_` concatenated
with the package of the input file.
* `-imports`: A list of explicit imports that should be used in the resulting
source code, specified as a comma-separated list of elements of the form
`foo=bar/baz`, where `bar/baz` is the package being imported and `foo` is
the identifier to use for the package in the generated source code.
* `-aux_files`: A list of additional files that should be consulted to
resolve e.g. embedded interfaces defined in a different file. This is
specified as a comma-separated list of elements of the form
`foo=bar/baz.go`, where `bar/baz.go` is the source file and `foo` is the
package name of that file used by the -source file.
For an example of the use of `mockgen`, see the `sample/` directory. In simple
cases, you will need only the `-source` flag.
TODO: Brief overview of how to create mock objects and set up expectations, and
an example.
[golang]: http://golang.org/
[golang-install]: http://golang.org/doc/install.html#releases
[gomock-ref]: http://godoc.org/github.com/golang/mock/gomock

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# Go support for Protocol Buffers
Google's data interchange format.
Copyright 2010 The Go Authors.
https://github.com/golang/protobuf
This package and the code it generates requires at least Go 1.4.
This software implements Go bindings for protocol buffers. For
information about protocol buffers themselves, see
https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
## Installation ##
To use this software, you must:
- Install the standard C++ implementation of protocol buffers from
https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
- Of course, install the Go compiler and tools from
https://golang.org/
See
https://golang.org/doc/install
for details or, if you are using gccgo, follow the instructions at
https://golang.org/doc/install/gccgo
- Grab the code from the repository and install the proto package.
The simplest way is to run `go get -u github.com/golang/protobuf/{proto,protoc-gen-go}`.
The compiler plugin, protoc-gen-go, will be installed in $GOBIN,
defaulting to $GOPATH/bin. It must be in your $PATH for the protocol
compiler, protoc, to find it.
This software has two parts: a 'protocol compiler plugin' that
generates Go source files that, once compiled, can access and manage
protocol buffers; and a library that implements run-time support for
encoding (marshaling), decoding (unmarshaling), and accessing protocol
buffers.
There is support for gRPC in Go using protocol buffers.
See the note at the bottom of this file for details.
There are no insertion points in the plugin.
## Using protocol buffers with Go ##
Once the software is installed, there are two steps to using it.
First you must compile the protocol buffer definitions and then import
them, with the support library, into your program.
To compile the protocol buffer definition, run protoc with the --go_out
parameter set to the directory you want to output the Go code to.
protoc --go_out=. *.proto
The generated files will be suffixed .pb.go. See the Test code below
for an example using such a file.
The package comment for the proto library contains text describing
the interface provided in Go for protocol buffers. Here is an edited
version.
==========
The proto package converts data structures to and from the
wire format of protocol buffers. It works in concert with the
Go source code generated for .proto files by the protocol compiler.
A summary of the properties of the protocol buffer interface
for a protocol buffer variable v:
- Names are turned from camel_case to CamelCase for export.
- There are no methods on v to set fields; just treat
them as structure fields.
- There are getters that return a field's value if set,
and return the field's default value if unset.
The getters work even if the receiver is a nil message.
- The zero value for a struct is its correct initialization state.
All desired fields must be set before marshaling.
- A Reset() method will restore a protobuf struct to its zero state.
- Non-repeated fields are pointers to the values; nil means unset.
That is, optional or required field int32 f becomes F *int32.
- Repeated fields are slices.
- Helper functions are available to aid the setting of fields.
Helpers for getting values are superseded by the
GetFoo methods and their use is deprecated.
msg.Foo = proto.String("hello") // set field
- Constants are defined to hold the default values of all fields that
have them. They have the form Default_StructName_FieldName.
Because the getter methods handle defaulted values,
direct use of these constants should be rare.
- Enums are given type names and maps from names to values.
Enum values are prefixed with the enum's type name. Enum types have
a String method, and a Enum method to assist in message construction.
- Nested groups and enums have type names prefixed with the name of
the surrounding message type.
- Extensions are given descriptor names that start with E_,
followed by an underscore-delimited list of the nested messages
that contain it (if any) followed by the CamelCased name of the
extension field itself. HasExtension, ClearExtension, GetExtension
and SetExtension are functions for manipulating extensions.
- Oneof field sets are given a single field in their message,
with distinguished wrapper types for each possible field value.
- Marshal and Unmarshal are functions to encode and decode the wire format.
When the .proto file specifies `syntax="proto3"`, there are some differences:
- Non-repeated fields of non-message type are values instead of pointers.
- Getters are only generated for message and oneof fields.
- Enum types do not get an Enum method.
Consider file test.proto, containing
```proto
package example;
enum FOO { X = 17; };
message Test {
required string label = 1;
optional int32 type = 2 [default=77];
repeated int64 reps = 3;
optional group OptionalGroup = 4 {
required string RequiredField = 5;
}
}
```
To create and play with a Test object from the example package,
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
"path/to/example"
)
func main() {
test := &example.Test {
Label: proto.String("hello"),
Type: proto.Int32(17),
Reps: []int64{1, 2, 3},
Optionalgroup: &example.Test_OptionalGroup {
RequiredField: proto.String("good bye"),
},
}
data, err := proto.Marshal(test)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("marshaling error: ", err)
}
newTest := &example.Test{}
err = proto.Unmarshal(data, newTest)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("unmarshaling error: ", err)
}
// Now test and newTest contain the same data.
if test.GetLabel() != newTest.GetLabel() {
log.Fatalf("data mismatch %q != %q", test.GetLabel(), newTest.GetLabel())
}
// etc.
}
```
## Parameters ##
To pass extra parameters to the plugin, use a comma-separated
parameter list separated from the output directory by a colon:
protoc --go_out=plugins=grpc,import_path=mypackage:. *.proto
- `import_prefix=xxx` - a prefix that is added onto the beginning of
all imports. Useful for things like generating protos in a
subdirectory, or regenerating vendored protobufs in-place.
- `import_path=foo/bar` - used as the package if no input files
declare `go_package`. If it contains slashes, everything up to the
rightmost slash is ignored.
- `plugins=plugin1+plugin2` - specifies the list of sub-plugins to
load. The only plugin in this repo is `grpc`.
- `Mfoo/bar.proto=quux/shme` - declares that foo/bar.proto is
associated with Go package quux/shme. This is subject to the
import_prefix parameter.
## gRPC Support ##
If a proto file specifies RPC services, protoc-gen-go can be instructed to
generate code compatible with gRPC (http://www.grpc.io/). To do this, pass
the `plugins` parameter to protoc-gen-go; the usual way is to insert it into
the --go_out argument to protoc:
protoc --go_out=plugins=grpc:. *.proto
## Compatibility ##
The library and the generated code are expected to be stable over time.
However, we reserve the right to make breaking changes without notice for the
following reasons:
- Security. A security issue in the specification or implementation may come to
light whose resolution requires breaking compatibility. We reserve the right
to address such security issues.
- Unspecified behavior. There are some aspects of the Protocol Buffers
specification that are undefined. Programs that depend on such unspecified
behavior may break in future releases.
- Specification errors or changes. If it becomes necessary to address an
inconsistency, incompleteness, or change in the Protocol Buffers
specification, resolving the issue could affect the meaning or legality of
existing programs. We reserve the right to address such issues, including
updating the implementations.
- Bugs. If the library has a bug that violates the specification, a program
that depends on the buggy behavior may break if the bug is fixed. We reserve
the right to fix such bugs.
- Adding methods or fields to generated structs. These may conflict with field
names that already exist in a schema, causing applications to break. When the
code generator encounters a field in the schema that would collide with a
generated field or method name, the code generator will append an underscore
to the generated field or method name.
- Adding, removing, or changing methods or fields in generated structs that
start with `XXX`. These parts of the generated code are exported out of
necessity, but should not be considered part of the public API.
- Adding, removing, or changing unexported symbols in generated code.
Any breaking changes outside of these will be announced 6 months in advance to
protobuf@googlegroups.com.
You should, whenever possible, use generated code created by the `protoc-gen-go`
tool built at the same commit as the `proto` package. The `proto` package
declares package-level constants in the form `ProtoPackageIsVersionX`.
Application code and generated code may depend on one of these constants to
ensure that compilation will fail if the available version of the proto library
is too old. Whenever we make a change to the generated code that requires newer
library support, in the same commit we will increment the version number of the
generated code and declare a new package-level constant whose name incorporates
the latest version number. Removing a compatibility constant is considered a
breaking change and would be subject to the announcement policy stated above.
The `protoc-gen-go/generator` package exposes a plugin interface,
which is used by the gRPC code generation. This interface is not
supported and is subject to incompatible changes without notice.

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OS X Specific Instructions
==========================
Builds
------
We recommend that you use GClient to build on OSX. Please follow the
instructions in the [main readme](README.md) file.
Trusted root certificates
-------------------------
The CT code requires a set of trusted root certificates in order to:
1. Validate outbound HTTPS connections
2. (In the case of the log-server) decide whether to accept a certificate
chain for inclusion.
On OSX, the system version of OpenSSL (0.9.8gz at time of writing) contains
Apple-provided patches which intercept failed chain validations and re-attempts
them using roots obtained from the system keychain. Since we use a much more
recent (and unpatched) version of OpenSSL this behaviour is unsupported and so
a PEM file containing the trusted root certs must be used.
To use a certificate PEM bundle file with the CT C++ code, the following
methods may be used.
### Incoming inclusion requests (ct-server only)
Set the `--trusted_cert_file` flag to point to the location of the PEM file
containing the set of root certificates whose chains should be accepted for
inclusion into the log.
### For verifying outbound HTTPS connections (ct-mirror)
Either set the `--trusted_roots_certs` flag, or the `SSL_CERT_FILE`
environment variable, to point to the location of the PEM file containing the
root certificates to be used to verify the outbound HTTPS connection.
Sources of trusted roots
------------------------
Obviously the choice of root certificates to trust for outbound HTTPS
connections and incoming inclusion requests are a matter of operating policy,
but it is often useful to have a set of common roots for testing and
development at the very least.
While OSX ships with a set of common trusted roots, they are not directly
available to OpenSSL and must be exported from the keychain first. This can be
achieved with the following command:
```bash
security find-certificates -a -p /Library/Keychains/System.keychain > certs.pem
security find-certificates -a -p /System/Library/Keychains/SystemRootCertificates.keychain >> certs.pem
```

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certificate-transparency: Auditing for TLS certificates
=======================================================
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/google/certificate-transparency.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/google/certificate-transparency)
- [Introduction](#introduction)
- [Build Quick Start](#build-quick-start)
- [Code Layout](#code-layout)
- [Building the code](#building-the-code)
- [Build Dependencies](#build-dependencies)
- [Software Dependencies](#software-dependencies)
- [Build Troubleshooting](#build-troubleshooting)
- [Compiler Warnings/Errors](#compiler-warnings-errors)
- [Working on a Branch](#working-on-a-branch)
- [Using BoringSSL](#using-boringssl)
- [Testing the code](#testing-the-code)
- [Unit Tests](#unit-tests)
- [Testing and Logging Options](#testing-and-logging-options)
- [Deploying a Log](#deploying-a-log)
- [Operating a Log](#operating-a-log)
Introduction
------------
This repository holds open-source code for functionality related
to [certificate transparency](https://www.certificate-transparency.org/) (CT).
The main areas covered are:
- An open-source, distributed, implementation of a CT Log server, also including:
- An implementation of a read-only ["mirror" server](docs/MirrorLog.md)
that mimics a remote Log.
- Ancillary tools needed for managing and maintaining the Log.
- A collection of client tools and libraries for interacting with a CT Log, in
various programming languages.
- An **experimental** implementation of a [DNS server](docs/DnsServer.md) that
returns CT proofs in the form of DNS records.
- An **experimental** implementation of a [general Log](docs/XjsonServer.md)
that allows arbitrary data (not just TLS certificates) to be logged.
The supported platforms are:
- **Linux**: tested on Ubuntu 14.04; other variants (Fedora 22, CentOS 7) may
require tweaking of [compiler options](#build-troubleshooting).
- **OS X**: version 10.10
- **FreeBSD**: version 10.*
Build Quick Start
-----------------
First, ensure that the build machine has all of the required [build dependencies](#build-dependencies).
Then use
[gclient](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/depottools#TOC-gclient) to
retrieve and build the [other software](#software-dependencies) needed by the Log,
and then use (GNU) `make` to build and test the CT code:
```bash
export CXX=clang++ CC=clang
mkdir ct # or whatever directory you prefer
cd ct
gclient config --name="certificate-transparency" https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency.git
gclient sync # retrieve and build dependencies
# substitute gmake or gnumake below if that's what your platform calls it:
make -C certificate-transparency check # build the CT software & self-test
```
Code Layout
-----------
The source code is generally arranged according to implementation language, in
the `cpp`, `go`, `java` and `python` subdirectories. The key subdirectories
are:
- For the main distributed CT Log itself:
- `cpp/log`: Main distributed CT Log implementation.
- `cpp/merkletree`: Merkle tree implementation.
- `cpp/server`: Top-level code for server implementations.
- `cpp/monitoring`: Code to export operation statistics from CT Log.
- The [CT mirror Log](docs/MirrorLog.md) implementation also uses:
- `cpp/fetcher`: Code to fetch entries from another Log
- Client code for accessing a CT Log instance:
- `cpp/client`: CT Log client code in C++
- `go/client`: CT Log client code in Go
- `python/ct`: CT Log client code in Python
- `java/src/org/certificatetransparency/ctlog`: CT Log client code in Java
- Other tools:
- `go/fixchain`: Tool to fix up certificate chains
- `go/gossip`: Code to allow gossip-based synchronization of cert info
- `go/scanner`: CT Log scanner tool
- `go/merkletree`: Merkle tree implementation in Go.
Building the Code
-----------------
The CT software in this repository relies on a number of other
[open-source projects](#software-dependencies), and we recommend that:
- The CT software should be built using local copies of these dependencies
rather than installed packages, to prevent version incompatibilities.
- The dependent libraries should be statically linked into the CT binaries,
rather than relying on dynamically linked libraries that may be different in
the deployed environment.
The supported build system uses the
[gclient](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/depottools#TOC-gclient)
tool from the Chromium project to handle these requirements and to ensure a
reliable, reproducible build. Older build instructions for using
[Ubuntu](docs/archive/BuildUbuntu.md) or
[Fedora](docs/archive/BuildFedora.md) packages and for
[manually building dependencies from source](docs/archive/BuildSrc.md) are no
longer supported.
Within a main top-level directory, gclient handles the process of:
- generating subdirectories for each dependency
- generating a subdirectory for for the CT Log code itself
- building all of the dependencies
- installing the built dependencies into an `install/` subdirectory
- configuring the CT build to reference the built dependencies.
Under the covers, this gclient build process is controlled by:
- The master [DEPS](DEPS) file, which configures the locations and versions
of the source code needed for the dependencies, and which hooks onto ...
- The makefiles in the [build/](build) subdirectory, which govern the build
process for each dependency, ensuring that:
- Static libraries are built.
- Built code is installed into the local `install/` directory, where it
is available for the build of the CT code itself.
### Build Dependencies
The following tools are needed to build the CT software and its dependencies.
- [depot_tools](https://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/install-depot-tools)
- autoconf/automake etc.
- libtool
- shtool
- clang++ (>=3.4)
- cmake (>=v3.1.2)
- git
- GNU make
- Tcl
- pkg-config
- Python 2.7
The exact packages required to install these tools depends on the platform.
For a Debian-based system, the relevant packages are:
`autoconf automake libtool shtool cmake clang git make tcl pkg-config python2.7`
### Software Dependencies
The following collections of additional software are used by the main CT
Log codebase.
- Google utility libraries:
- [gflags](https://github.com/gflags/gflags): command-line flag handling
- [glog](https://github.com/google/glog): logging infrastructure, which
also requires libunwind.
- [Google Mock](https://github.com/google/googlemock.git): C++ test framework
- [Google Test](https://github.com/google/googletest.git): C++ mocking
framework
- [Protocol Buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/):
language-neutral data serialization library
- [tcmalloc](http://goog-perftools.sourceforge.net/doc/tcmalloc.html):
efficient `malloc` replacement optimized for multi-threaded use
- Other utility libraries:
- [libevent](http://libevent.org/): event-processing library
- [libevhtp](https://github.com/ellzey/libevhtp): HTTP server
plug-in/replacement for libevent
- [json-c](https://github.com/json-c/json-c): JSON processing library
- [libunwind](http://www.nongnu.org/libunwind/): library for generating
stack traces
- Cryptographic library: one of the following, selected via the `SSL` build
variable.
- [OpenSSL](https://github.com/google/googletest.git): default
cryptography library.
- [BoringSSL](https://boringssl.googlesource.com/boringssl/): Google's
fork of OpenSSL
- Data storage functionality: one of the following, defaulting (and highly
recommended to stick with) LevelDB.
- [LevelDB](https://github.com/google/leveldb): fast key-value store,
which uses:
- [Snappy](http://google.github.io/snappy/): compression library
- [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/): file-based SQL library
The extra (experimental) CT projects in this repo involve additional
dependencies:
- The experimental CT [DNS server](docs/DnsServer.md) uses:
- [ldnbs](http://www.nlnetlabs.nl/projects/ldns/): DNS library, including
DNSSEC function (which relies on OpenSSL for crypto functionality)
- The experimental [general Log](docs/XjsonServer.md) uses:
- [objecthash](https://github.com/benlaurie/objecthash): tools for
hashing objects in a language/encoding-agnostic manner
- [ICU](http://site.icu-project.org/): Unicode libraries (needed to
normalize international text in objects)
Build Troubleshooting
---------------------
### Compiler Warnings/Errors
The CT C++ codebase is built with the Clang `-Werror` flag so that the
codebase stays warning-free. However, this can cause build errors when
newer/different versions of the C++ compiler are used, as any newly created
warnings are treated as errors. To fix this, add the appropriate
`-Wno-error=<warning-name>` option to `CXXFLAGS`.
For example, on errors involving unused variables try using:
```bash
CXXFLAGS="-O2 -Wno-error=unused-variable" gclient sync
```
If an error about an unused typedef in a `glog` header file occurs, try this:
```bash
CXXFLAGS="-O2 -Wno-error=unused-variable -Wno-error=unused-local-typedefs" gclient sync
```
When changing `CXXFLAGS` it's safer to remove the existing build directories
in case not all dependencies are properly accounted for and rebuilt. If
problems persist, check that the Makefile in `certificate-transparency`
contains the options that were passed in `CXXFLAGS`.
### Working on a Branch
If you're trying to clone from a branch on the CT repository then you'll need
to substitute the following command for the `gclient config` command
[above](#build-quick-start), replacing `branch` as appropriate
```bash
gclient config --name="certificate-transparency" https://github.com/google/certificate-transparency.git@branch
```
### Using BoringSSL
The BoringSSL fork of OpenSSL can be used in place of OpenSSL (but note that
the experimental [CT DNS server](docs/DnsServer.md) does not support this
configuration). To enable this, after the first step (`gclient config ...`)
in the gclient [build process](#build-quick-start), modify the top-level
`.gclient` to add:
```python
"custom_vars": { "ssl_impl": "boringssl" } },
```
Then continue the [build process](#build-quick-start) with the `gclient sync` step.
Testing the Code
----------------
### Unit Tests
The unit tests for the CT code can be run with the `make check` target of
`certificate-transparency/Makefile`.
## Testing and Logging Options ##
Note that several tests write files on disk. The default directory for
storing temporary testdata is `/tmp`. You can change this by setting
`TMPDIR=<tmpdir>` for make.
End-to-end tests also create temporary certificate and server files in
`test/tmp`. All these files are cleaned up after a successful test
run.
For logging options, see the
[glog documentation](http://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/google/glog/blob/master/doc/glog.html).
By default, unit tests log to `stderr`, and log only messages with a FATAL
level (i.e., those that result in abnormal program termination). You can
override the defaults with command-line flags.
Deploying a Log
---------------
The build process described so far generates a set of executables; however,
other components and configuration is needed to set up a running CT Log.
In particular, as shown in the following diagram:
- A set of web servers that act as HTTPS terminators and load
balancers is needed in front of the CT Log instances.
- A cluster of [etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd) instances is needed to
provide replication and synchronization services for the CT Log instances.
<img src="docs/images/SystemDiagram.png" width="650">
Configuring and setting up a distributed production Log is covered in a
[separate document](docs/Deployment.md).
Operating a Log
---------------
Running a successful, trusted, certificate transparency Log involves more than
just deploying a set of binaries. Information and advice on operating a
running CT Log is covered in a [separate document](docs/Operation.md)

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This is the really early beginnings of a certificate transparency log
client written in Go, along with a log scanner tool.
You'll need go v1.1 or higher to compile.
# Installation
This go code must be imported into your go workspace before you can
use it, which can be done with:
go get github.com/google/certificate-transparency/go/client
go get github.com/google/certificate-transparency/go/scanner
etc.
# Building the binaries
To compile the log scanner run:
go build github.com/google/certificate-transparency/go/scanner/main/scanner.go
# Contributing
When sending pull requests, please ensure that everything's been run
through ```gofmt``` beforehand so we can keep everything nice and
tidy.

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Google API Extensions for Go
============================
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/googleapis/gax-go.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/googleapis/gax-go)
[![Code Coverage](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/googleapis/gax-go.svg)](https://codecov.io/github/googleapis/gax-go)
Google API Extensions for Go (gax-go) is a set of modules which aids the
development of APIs for clients and servers based on `gRPC` and Google API
conventions.
Application code will rarely need to use this library directly,
but the code generated automatically from API definition files can use it
to simplify code generation and to provide more convenient and idiomatic API surface.
**This project is currently experimental and not supported.**
Go Versions
===========
This library requires Go 1.6 or above.
License
=======
BSD - please see [LICENSE](https://github.com/googleapis/gax-go/blob/master/LICENSE)
for more information.

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context
=======
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/gorilla/context.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/gorilla/context)
gorilla/context is a general purpose registry for global request variables.
Read the full documentation here: http://www.gorillatoolkit.org/pkg/context

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mux
===
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/gorilla/mux?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/gorilla/mux)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/gorilla/mux.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/gorilla/mux)
http://www.gorillatoolkit.org/pkg/mux
Package `gorilla/mux` implements a request router and dispatcher.
The name mux stands for "HTTP request multiplexer". Like the standard `http.ServeMux`, `mux.Router` matches incoming requests against a list of registered routes and calls a handler for the route that matches the URL or other conditions. The main features are:
* Requests can be matched based on URL host, path, path prefix, schemes, header and query values, HTTP methods or using custom matchers.
* URL hosts and paths can have variables with an optional regular expression.
* Registered URLs can be built, or "reversed", which helps maintaining references to resources.
* Routes can be used as subrouters: nested routes are only tested if the parent route matches. This is useful to define groups of routes that share common conditions like a host, a path prefix or other repeated attributes. As a bonus, this optimizes request matching.
* It implements the `http.Handler` interface so it is compatible with the standard `http.ServeMux`.
Let's start registering a couple of URL paths and handlers:
```go
func main() {
r := mux.NewRouter()
r.HandleFunc("/", HomeHandler)
r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler)
r.HandleFunc("/articles", ArticlesHandler)
http.Handle("/", r)
}
```
Here we register three routes mapping URL paths to handlers. This is equivalent to how `http.HandleFunc()` works: if an incoming request URL matches one of the paths, the corresponding handler is called passing (`http.ResponseWriter`, `*http.Request`) as parameters.
Paths can have variables. They are defined using the format `{name}` or `{name:pattern}`. If a regular expression pattern is not defined, the matched variable will be anything until the next slash. For example:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
r.HandleFunc("/products/{key}", ProductHandler)
r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/", ArticlesCategoryHandler)
r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ArticleHandler)
```
The names are used to create a map of route variables which can be retrieved calling `mux.Vars()`:
```go
vars := mux.Vars(request)
category := vars["category"]
```
And this is all you need to know about the basic usage. More advanced options are explained below.
Routes can also be restricted to a domain or subdomain. Just define a host pattern to be matched. They can also have variables:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
// Only matches if domain is "www.example.com".
r.Host("www.example.com")
// Matches a dynamic subdomain.
r.Host("{subdomain:[a-z]+}.domain.com")
```
There are several other matchers that can be added. To match path prefixes:
```go
r.PathPrefix("/products/")
```
...or HTTP methods:
```go
r.Methods("GET", "POST")
```
...or URL schemes:
```go
r.Schemes("https")
```
...or header values:
```go
r.Headers("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest")
```
...or query values:
```go
r.Queries("key", "value")
```
...or to use a custom matcher function:
```go
r.MatcherFunc(func(r *http.Request, rm *RouteMatch) bool {
return r.ProtoMajor == 0
})
```
...and finally, it is possible to combine several matchers in a single route:
```go
r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler).
Host("www.example.com").
Methods("GET").
Schemes("http")
```
Setting the same matching conditions again and again can be boring, so we have a way to group several routes that share the same requirements. We call it "subrouting".
For example, let's say we have several URLs that should only match when the host is `www.example.com`. Create a route for that host and get a "subrouter" from it:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
s := r.Host("www.example.com").Subrouter()
```
Then register routes in the subrouter:
```go
s.HandleFunc("/products/", ProductsHandler)
s.HandleFunc("/products/{key}", ProductHandler)
s.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}"), ArticleHandler)
```
The three URL paths we registered above will only be tested if the domain is `www.example.com`, because the subrouter is tested first. This is not only convenient, but also optimizes request matching. You can create subrouters combining any attribute matchers accepted by a route.
Subrouters can be used to create domain or path "namespaces": you define subrouters in a central place and then parts of the app can register its paths relatively to a given subrouter.
There's one more thing about subroutes. When a subrouter has a path prefix, the inner routes use it as base for their paths:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
s := r.PathPrefix("/products").Subrouter()
// "/products/"
s.HandleFunc("/", ProductsHandler)
// "/products/{key}/"
s.HandleFunc("/{key}/", ProductHandler)
// "/products/{key}/details"
s.HandleFunc("/{key}/details", ProductDetailsHandler)
```
Now let's see how to build registered URLs.
Routes can be named. All routes that define a name can have their URLs built, or "reversed". We define a name calling `Name()` on a route. For example:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
r.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ArticleHandler).
Name("article")
```
To build a URL, get the route and call the `URL()` method, passing a sequence of key/value pairs for the route variables. For the previous route, we would do:
```go
url, err := r.Get("article").URL("category", "technology", "id", "42")
```
...and the result will be a `url.URL` with the following path:
```
"/articles/technology/42"
```
This also works for host variables:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
r.Host("{subdomain}.domain.com").
Path("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}").
HandlerFunc(ArticleHandler).
Name("article")
// url.String() will be "http://news.domain.com/articles/technology/42"
url, err := r.Get("article").URL("subdomain", "news",
"category", "technology",
"id", "42")
```
All variables defined in the route are required, and their values must conform to the corresponding patterns. These requirements guarantee that a generated URL will always match a registered route -- the only exception is for explicitly defined "build-only" routes which never match.
Regex support also exists for matching Headers within a route. For example, we could do:
```go
r.HeadersRegexp("Content-Type", "application/(text|json)")
```
...and the route will match both requests with a Content-Type of `application/json` as well as `application/text`
There's also a way to build only the URL host or path for a route: use the methods `URLHost()` or `URLPath()` instead. For the previous route, we would do:
```go
// "http://news.domain.com/"
host, err := r.Get("article").URLHost("subdomain", "news")
// "/articles/technology/42"
path, err := r.Get("article").URLPath("category", "technology", "id", "42")
```
And if you use subrouters, host and path defined separately can be built as well:
```go
r := mux.NewRouter()
s := r.Host("{subdomain}.domain.com").Subrouter()
s.Path("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}").
HandlerFunc(ArticleHandler).
Name("article")
// "http://news.domain.com/articles/technology/42"
url, err := r.Get("article").URL("subdomain", "news",
"category", "technology",
"id", "42")
```
## Full Example
Here's a complete, runnable example of a small `mux` based server:
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)
func YourHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Write([]byte("Gorilla!\n"))
}
func main() {
r := mux.NewRouter()
// Routes consist of a path and a handler function.
r.HandleFunc("/", YourHandler)
// Bind to a port and pass our router in
http.ListenAndServe(":8000", r)
}
```
## License
BSD licensed. See the LICENSE file for details.

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# Go gRPC Interceptors for Prometheus monitoring
[![Travis Build](https://travis-ci.org/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)](http://goreportcard.com/report/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
[![GoDoc](http://img.shields.io/badge/GoDoc-Reference-blue.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
[![Apache 2.0 License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache%202.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/) monitoring for your [gRPC Go](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go) servers and clients.
A sister implementation for [gRPC Java](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-java) (same metrics, same semantics) is in [grpc-ecosystem/java-grpc-prometheus](https://github.com/grpc-ecosystem/java-grpc-prometheus).
## Interceptors
[gRPC Go](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go) recently acquired support for Interceptors, i.e. middleware that is executed
by a gRPC Server before the request is passed onto the user's application logic. It is a perfect way to implement
common patterns: auth, logging and... monitoring.
To use Interceptors in chains, please see [`go-grpc-middleware`](https://github.com/mwitkow/go-grpc-middleware).
## Usage
There are two types of interceptors: client-side and server-side. This package provides monitoring Interceptors for both.
### Server-side
```go
import "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus"
...
// Initialize your gRPC server's interceptor.
myServer := grpc.NewServer(
grpc.StreamInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.StreamServerInterceptor),
grpc.UnaryInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.UnaryServerInterceptor),
)
// Register your gRPC service implementations.
myservice.RegisterMyServiceServer(s.server, &myServiceImpl{})
// After all your registrations, make sure all of the Prometheus metrics are initialized.
grpc_prometheus.Register(myServer)
// Register Prometheus metrics handler.
http.Handle("/metrics", prometheus.Handler())
...
```
### Client-side
```go
import "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus"
...
clientConn, err = grpc.Dial(
address,
grpc.WithUnaryInterceptor(UnaryClientInterceptor),
grpc.WithStreamInterceptor(StreamClientInterceptor)
)
client = pb_testproto.NewTestServiceClient(clientConn)
resp, err := client.PingEmpty(s.ctx, &myservice.Request{Msg: "hello"})
...
```
# Metrics
## Labels
All server-side metrics start with `grpc_server` as Prometheus subsystem name. All client-side metrics start with `grpc_client`. Both of them have mirror-concepts. Similarly all methods
contain the same rich labels:
* `grpc_service` - the [gRPC service](http://www.grpc.io/docs/#defining-a-service) name, which is the combination of protobuf `package` and
the `grpc_service` section name. E.g. for `package = mwitkow.testproto` and
`service TestService` the label will be `grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService"`
* `grpc_method` - the name of the method called on the gRPC service. E.g.
`grpc_method="Ping"`
* `grpc_type` - the gRPC [type of request](http://www.grpc.io/docs/guides/concepts.html#rpc-life-cycle).
Differentiating between the two is important especially for latency measurements.
- `unary` is single request, single response RPC
- `client_stream` is a multi-request, single response RPC
- `server_stream` is a single request, multi-response RPC
- `bidi_stream` is a multi-request, multi-response RPC
Additionally for completed RPCs, the following labels are used:
* `grpc_code` - the human-readable [gRPC status code](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/blob/master/codes/codes.go).
The list of all statuses is to long, but here are some common ones:
- `OK` - means the RPC was successful
- `IllegalArgument` - RPC contained bad values
- `Internal` - server-side error not disclosed to the clients
## Counters
The counters and their up to date documentation is in [server_reporter.go](server_reporter.go) and [client_reporter.go](client_reporter.go)
the respective Prometheus handler (usually `/metrics`).
For the purpose of this documentation we will only discuss `grpc_server` metrics. The `grpc_client` ones contain mirror concepts.
For simplicity, let's assume we're tracking a single server-side RPC call of [`mwitkow.testproto.TestService`](examples/testproto/test.proto),
calling the method `PingList`. The call succeeds and returns 20 messages in the stream.
First, immediately after the server receives the call it will increment the
`grpc_server_started_total` and start the handling time clock (if histograms are enabled).
```jsoniq
grpc_server_started_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
```
Then the user logic gets invoked. It receives one message from the client containing the request
(it's a `server_stream`):
```jsoniq
grpc_server_msg_received_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
```
The user logic may return an error, or send multiple messages back to the client. In this case, on
each of the 20 messages sent back, a counter will be incremented:
```jsoniq
grpc_server_msg_sent_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 20
```
After the call completes, it's status (`OK` or other [gRPC status code](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/blob/master/codes/codes.go))
and the relevant call labels increment the `grpc_server_handled_total` counter.
```jsoniq
grpc_server_handled_total{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
```
## Histograms
[Prometheus histograms](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram) are a great way
to measure latency distributions of your RPCs. However since it is bad practice to have metrics
of [high cardinality](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/instrumentation/#do-not-overuse-labels))
the latency monitoring metrics are disabled by default. To enable them please call the following
in your server initialization code:
```jsoniq
grpc_prometheus.EnableHandlingTimeHistogram()
```
After the call completes, it's handling time will be recorded in a [Prometheus histogram](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram)
variable `grpc_server_handling_seconds`. It contains three sub-metrics:
* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_count` - the count of all completed RPCs by status and method
* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_sum` - cumulative time of RPCs by status and method, useful for
calculating average handling times
* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket` - contains the counts of RPCs by status and method in respective
handling-time buckets. These buckets can be used by Prometheus to estimate SLAs (see [here](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/))
The counter values will look as follows:
```jsoniq
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.005"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.01"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.025"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.05"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.1"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.25"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.5"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="1"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="2.5"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="5"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="10"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="+Inf"} 1
grpc_server_handling_seconds_sum{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 0.0003866430000000001
grpc_server_handling_seconds_count{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
```
## Useful query examples
Prometheus philosophy is to provide the most detailed metrics possible to the monitoring system, and
let the aggregations be handled there. The verbosity of above metrics make it possible to have that
flexibility. Here's a couple of useful monitoring queries:
### request inbound rate
```jsoniq
sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
```
For `job="foo"` (common label to differentiate between Prometheus monitoring targets), calculate the
rate of requests per second (1 minute window) for each gRPC `grpc_service` that the job has. Please note
how the `grpc_method` is being omitted here: all methods of a given gRPC service will be summed together.
### unary request error rate
```jsoniq
sum(rate(grpc_server_handled_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",grpc_code!="OK"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
```
For `job="foo"`, calculate the per-`grpc_service` rate of `unary` (1:1) RPCs that failed, i.e. the
ones that didn't finish with `OK` code.
### unary request error percentage
```jsoniq
sum(rate(grpc_server_handled_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",grpc_code!="OK"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
/
sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
* 100.0
```
For `job="foo"`, calculate the percentage of failed requests by service. It's easy to notice that
this is a combination of the two above examples. This is an example of a query you would like to
[alert on](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/rules/) in your system for SLA violations, e.g.
"no more than 1% requests should fail".
### average response stream size
```jsoniq
sum(rate(grpc_server_msg_sent_total{job="foo",grpc_type="server_stream"}[10m])) by (grpc_service)
/
sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo",grpc_type="server_stream"}[10m])) by (grpc_service)
```
For `job="foo"` what is the `grpc_service`-wide `10m` average of messages returned for all `
server_stream` RPCs. This allows you to track the stream sizes returned by your system, e.g. allows
you to track when clients started to send "wide" queries that ret
Note the divisor is the number of started RPCs, in order to account for in-flight requests.
### 99%-tile latency of unary requests
```jsoniq
histogram_quantile(0.99,
sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[5m])) by (grpc_service,le)
)
```
For `job="foo"`, returns an 99%-tile [quantile estimation](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/#quantiles)
of the handling time of RPCs per service. Please note the `5m` rate, this means that the quantile
estimation will take samples in a rolling `5m` window. When combined with other quantiles
(e.g. 50%, 90%), this query gives you tremendous insight into the responsiveness of your system
(e.g. impact of caching).
### percentage of slow unary queries (>250ms)
```jsoniq
100.0 - (
sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",le="0.25"}[5m])) by (grpc_service)
/
sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_count{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[5m])) by (grpc_service)
) * 100.0
```
For `job="foo"` calculate the by-`grpc_service` fraction of slow requests that took longer than `0.25`
seconds. This query is relatively complex, since the Prometheus aggregations use `le` (less or equal)
buckets, meaning that counting "fast" requests fractions is easier. However, simple maths helps.
This is an example of a query you would like to alert on in your system for SLA violations,
e.g. "less than 1% of requests are slower than 250ms".
## Status
This code has been used since August 2015 as the basis for monitoring of *production* gRPC micro services at [Improbable](https://improbable.io).
## License
`go-grpc-prometheus` is released under the Apache 2.0 license. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.

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# Consul [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/hashicorp/consul.png)](https://travis-ci.org/hashicorp/consul)
* Website: http://www.consul.io
* IRC: `#consul` on Freenode
* Mailing list: [Google Groups](https://groups.google.com/group/consul-tool/)
Consul is a tool for service discovery and configuration. Consul is
distributed, highly available, and extremely scalable.
Consul provides several key features:
* **Service Discovery** - Consul makes it simple for services to register
themselves and to discover other services via a DNS or HTTP interface.
External services such as SaaS providers can be registered as well.
* **Health Checking** - Health Checking enables Consul to quickly alert
operators about any issues in a cluster. The integration with service
discovery prevents routing traffic to unhealthy hosts and enables service
level circuit breakers.
* **Key/Value Storage** - A flexible key/value store enables storing
dynamic configuration, feature flagging, coordination, leader election and
more. The simple HTTP API makes it easy to use anywhere.
* **Multi-Datacenter** - Consul is built to be datacenter aware, and can
support any number of regions without complex configuration.
Consul runs on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows. It is recommended to run the
Consul servers only on Linux, however.
## Quick Start
An extensive quick quick start is viewable on the Consul website:
http://www.consul.io/intro/getting-started/install.html
## Documentation
Full, comprehensive documentation is viewable on the Consul website:
http://www.consul.io/docs
## Developing Consul
If you wish to work on Consul itself, you'll first need [Go](https://golang.org)
installed (version 1.4+ is _required_). Make sure you have Go properly installed,
including setting up your [GOPATH](https://golang.org/doc/code.html#GOPATH).
Next, clone this repository into `$GOPATH/src/github.com/hashicorp/consul` and
then just type `make`. In a few moments, you'll have a working `consul` executable:
```
$ go get -u ./...
$ make
...
$ bin/consul
...
```
*note: `make` will also place a copy of the binary in the first part of your $GOPATH*
You can run tests by typing `make test`.
If you make any changes to the code, run `make format` in order to automatically
format the code according to Go standards.
### Building Consul on Windows
Make sure Go 1.4+ is installed on your system and that the Go command is in your
%PATH%.
For building Consul on Windows, you also need to have MinGW installed.
[TDM-GCC](http://tdm-gcc.tdragon.net/) is a simple bundle installer which has all
the required tools for building Consul with MinGW.
Install TDM-GCC and make sure it has been added to your %PATH%.
If all goes well, you should be able to build Consul by running `make.bat` from a
command prompt.
See also [golang/winstrap](https://github.com/golang/winstrap) and
[golang/wiki/WindowsBuild](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/WindowsBuild)
for more information of how to set up a general Go build environment on Windows
with MinGW.

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Consul API client
=================
This package provides the `api` package which attempts to
provide programmatic access to the full Consul API.
Currently, all of the Consul APIs included in version 0.3 are supported.
Documentation
=============
The full documentation is available on [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/consul/api)
Usage
=====
Below is an example of using the Consul client:
```go
// Get a new client, with KV endpoints
client, _ := api.NewClient(api.DefaultConfig())
kv := client.KV()
// PUT a new KV pair
p := &api.KVPair{Key: "foo", Value: []byte("test")}
_, err := kv.Put(p, nil)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// Lookup the pair
pair, _, err := kv.Get("foo", nil)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Printf("KV: %v", pair)
```

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go-immutable-radix [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix.png)](https://travis-ci.org/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix)
=========
Provides the `iradix` package that implements an immutable [radix tree](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree).
The package only provides a single `Tree` implementation, optimized for sparse nodes.
As a radix tree, it provides the following:
* O(k) operations. In many cases, this can be faster than a hash table since
the hash function is an O(k) operation, and hash tables have very poor cache locality.
* Minimum / Maximum value lookups
* Ordered iteration
A tree supports using a transaction to batch multiple updates (insert, delete)
in a more efficient manner than performing each operation one at a time.
For a mutable variant, see [go-radix](https://github.com/armon/go-radix).
Documentation
=============
The full documentation is available on [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix).
Example
=======
Below is a simple example of usage
```go
// Create a tree
r := iradix.New()
r, _, _ = r.Insert([]byte("foo"), 1)
r, _, _ = r.Insert([]byte("bar"), 2)
r, _, _ = r.Insert([]byte("foobar"), 2)
// Find the longest prefix match
m, _, _ := r.Root().LongestPrefix([]byte("foozip"))
if string(m) != "foo" {
panic("should be foo")
}
```

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# go-memdb
Provides the `memdb` package that implements a simple in-memory database
built on immutable radix trees. The database provides Atomicity, Consistency
and Isolation from ACID. Being that it is in-memory, it does not provide durability.
The database is instantiated with a schema that specifies the tables and indicies
that exist and allows transactions to be executed.
The database provides the following:
* Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) - By leveraging immutable radix trees
the database is able to support any number of concurrent readers without locking,
and allows a writer to make progress.
* Transaction Support - The database allows for rich transactions, in which multiple
objects are inserted, updated or deleted. The transactions can span multiple tables,
and are applied atomically. The database provides atomicity and isolation in ACID
terminology, such that until commit the updates are not visible.
* Rich Indexing - Tables can support any number of indexes, which can be simple like
a single field index, or more advanced compound field indexes. Certain types like
UUID can be efficiently compressed from strings into byte indexes for reduces
storage requirements.
For the underlying immutable radix trees, see [go-immutable-radix](https://github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix).
Documentation
=============
The full documentation is available on [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/go-memdb).
Example
=======
Below is a simple example of usage
```go
// Create a sample struct
type Person struct {
Email string
Name string
Age int
}
// Create the DB schema
schema := &memdb.DBSchema{
Tables: map[string]*memdb.TableSchema{
"person": &memdb.TableSchema{
Name: "person",
Indexes: map[string]*memdb.IndexSchema{
"id": &memdb.IndexSchema{
Name: "id",
Unique: true,
Indexer: &memdb.StringFieldIndex{Field: "Email"},
},
},
},
},
}
// Create a new data base
db, err := memdb.NewMemDB(schema)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// Create a write transaction
txn := db.Txn(true)
// Insert a new person
p := &Person{"joe@aol.com", "Joe", 30}
if err := txn.Insert("person", p); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// Commit the transaction
txn.Commit()
// Create read-only transaction
txn = db.Txn(false)
defer txn.Abort()
// Lookup by email
raw, err := txn.First("person", "id", "joe@aol.com")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// Say hi!
fmt.Printf("Hello %s!", raw.(*Person).Name)
```

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# go
Collection of Open-Source Go libraries and tools.
## Codec
[Codec](https://github.com/ugorji/go/tree/master/codec#readme) is a High Performance and Feature-Rich Idiomatic encode/decode and rpc library for [msgpack](http://msgpack.org) and [Binc](https://github.com/ugorji/binc).
Online documentation is at [http://godoc.org/github.com/ugorji/go/codec].
Install using:
go get github.com/ugorji/go/codec

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# Codec
High Performance and Feature-Rich Idiomatic Go Library providing
encode/decode support for different serialization formats.
Supported Serialization formats are:
- msgpack: [https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack]
- binc: [http://github.com/ugorji/binc]
To install:
go get github.com/ugorji/go/codec
Online documentation: [http://godoc.org/github.com/ugorji/go/codec]
The idiomatic Go support is as seen in other encoding packages in
the standard library (ie json, xml, gob, etc).
Rich Feature Set includes:
- Simple but extremely powerful and feature-rich API
- Very High Performance.
Our extensive benchmarks show us outperforming Gob, Json and Bson by 2-4X.
This was achieved by taking extreme care on:
- managing allocation
- function frame size (important due to Go's use of split stacks),
- reflection use (and by-passing reflection for common types)
- recursion implications
- zero-copy mode (encoding/decoding to byte slice without using temp buffers)
- Correct.
Care was taken to precisely handle corner cases like:
overflows, nil maps and slices, nil value in stream, etc.
- Efficient zero-copying into temporary byte buffers
when encoding into or decoding from a byte slice.
- Standard field renaming via tags
- Encoding from any value
(struct, slice, map, primitives, pointers, interface{}, etc)
- Decoding into pointer to any non-nil typed value
(struct, slice, map, int, float32, bool, string, reflect.Value, etc)
- Supports extension functions to handle the encode/decode of custom types
- Support Go 1.2 encoding.BinaryMarshaler/BinaryUnmarshaler
- Schema-less decoding
(decode into a pointer to a nil interface{} as opposed to a typed non-nil value).
Includes Options to configure what specific map or slice type to use
when decoding an encoded list or map into a nil interface{}
- Provides a RPC Server and Client Codec for net/rpc communication protocol.
- Msgpack Specific:
- Provides extension functions to handle spec-defined extensions (binary, timestamp)
- Options to resolve ambiguities in handling raw bytes (as string or []byte)
during schema-less decoding (decoding into a nil interface{})
- RPC Server/Client Codec for msgpack-rpc protocol defined at:
https://github.com/msgpack-rpc/msgpack-rpc/blob/master/spec.md
- Fast Paths for some container types:
For some container types, we circumvent reflection and its associated overhead
and allocation costs, and encode/decode directly. These types are:
[]interface{}
[]int
[]string
map[interface{}]interface{}
map[int]interface{}
map[string]interface{}
## Extension Support
Users can register a function to handle the encoding or decoding of
their custom types.
There are no restrictions on what the custom type can be. Some examples:
type BisSet []int
type BitSet64 uint64
type UUID string
type MyStructWithUnexportedFields struct { a int; b bool; c []int; }
type GifImage struct { ... }
As an illustration, MyStructWithUnexportedFields would normally be
encoded as an empty map because it has no exported fields, while UUID
would be encoded as a string. However, with extension support, you can
encode any of these however you like.
## RPC
RPC Client and Server Codecs are implemented, so the codecs can be used
with the standard net/rpc package.
## Usage
Typical usage model:
// create and configure Handle
var (
bh codec.BincHandle
mh codec.MsgpackHandle
)
mh.MapType = reflect.TypeOf(map[string]interface{}(nil))
// configure extensions
// e.g. for msgpack, define functions and enable Time support for tag 1
// mh.AddExt(reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}), 1, myMsgpackTimeEncodeExtFn, myMsgpackTimeDecodeExtFn)
// create and use decoder/encoder
var (
r io.Reader
w io.Writer
b []byte
h = &bh // or mh to use msgpack
)
dec = codec.NewDecoder(r, h)
dec = codec.NewDecoderBytes(b, h)
err = dec.Decode(&v)
enc = codec.NewEncoder(w, h)
enc = codec.NewEncoderBytes(&b, h)
err = enc.Encode(v)
//RPC Server
go func() {
for {
conn, err := listener.Accept()
rpcCodec := codec.GoRpc.ServerCodec(conn, h)
//OR rpcCodec := codec.MsgpackSpecRpc.ServerCodec(conn, h)
rpc.ServeCodec(rpcCodec)
}
}()
//RPC Communication (client side)
conn, err = net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:5555")
rpcCodec := codec.GoRpc.ClientCodec(conn, h)
//OR rpcCodec := codec.MsgpackSpecRpc.ClientCodec(conn, h)
client := rpc.NewClientWithCodec(rpcCodec)
## Representative Benchmark Results
A sample run of benchmark using "go test -bi -bench=. -benchmem":
/proc/cpuinfo: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2630QM CPU @ 2.00GHz (HT)
..............................................
BENCHMARK INIT: 2013-10-16 11:02:50.345970786 -0400 EDT
To run full benchmark comparing encodings (MsgPack, Binc, JSON, GOB, etc), use: "go test -bench=."
Benchmark:
Struct recursive Depth: 1
ApproxDeepSize Of benchmark Struct: 4694 bytes
Benchmark One-Pass Run:
v-msgpack: len: 1600 bytes
bson: len: 3025 bytes
msgpack: len: 1560 bytes
binc: len: 1187 bytes
gob: len: 1972 bytes
json: len: 2538 bytes
..............................................
PASS
Benchmark__Msgpack____Encode 50000 54359 ns/op 14953 B/op 83 allocs/op
Benchmark__Msgpack____Decode 10000 106531 ns/op 14990 B/op 410 allocs/op
Benchmark__Binc_NoSym_Encode 50000 53956 ns/op 14966 B/op 83 allocs/op
Benchmark__Binc_NoSym_Decode 10000 103751 ns/op 14529 B/op 386 allocs/op
Benchmark__Binc_Sym___Encode 50000 65961 ns/op 17130 B/op 88 allocs/op
Benchmark__Binc_Sym___Decode 10000 106310 ns/op 15857 B/op 287 allocs/op
Benchmark__Gob________Encode 10000 135944 ns/op 21189 B/op 237 allocs/op
Benchmark__Gob________Decode 5000 405390 ns/op 83460 B/op 1841 allocs/op
Benchmark__Json_______Encode 20000 79412 ns/op 13874 B/op 102 allocs/op
Benchmark__Json_______Decode 10000 247979 ns/op 14202 B/op 493 allocs/op
Benchmark__Bson_______Encode 10000 121762 ns/op 27814 B/op 514 allocs/op
Benchmark__Bson_______Decode 10000 162126 ns/op 16514 B/op 789 allocs/op
Benchmark__VMsgpack___Encode 50000 69155 ns/op 12370 B/op 344 allocs/op
Benchmark__VMsgpack___Decode 10000 151609 ns/op 20307 B/op 571 allocs/op
ok ugorji.net/codec 30.827s
To run full benchmark suite (including against vmsgpack and bson),
see notes in ext\_dep\_test.go

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# go-multierror
`go-multierror` is a package for Go that provides a mechanism for
representing a list of `error` values as a single `error`.
This allows a function in Go to return an `error` that might actually
be a list of errors. If the caller knows this, they can unwrap the
list and access the errors. If the caller doesn't know, the error
formats to a nice human-readable format.
`go-multierror` implements the
[errwrap](https://github.com/hashicorp/errwrap) interface so that it can
be used with that library, as well.
## Installation and Docs
Install using `go get github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror`.
Full documentation is available at
http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror
## Usage
go-multierror is easy to use and purposely built to be unobtrusive in
existing Go applications/libraries that may not be aware of it.
**Building a list of errors**
The `Append` function is used to create a list of errors. This function
behaves a lot like the Go built-in `append` function: it doesn't matter
if the first argument is nil, a `multierror.Error`, or any other `error`,
the function behaves as you would expect.
```go
var result error
if err := step1(); err != nil {
result = multierror.Append(result, err)
}
if err := step2(); err != nil {
result = multierror.Append(result, err)
}
return result
```
**Customizing the formatting of the errors**
By specifying a custom `ErrorFormat`, you can customize the format
of the `Error() string` function:
```go
var result *multierror.Error
// ... accumulate errors here, maybe using Append
if result != nil {
result.ErrorFormat = func([]error) string {
return "errors!"
}
}
```
**Accessing the list of errors**
`multierror.Error` implements `error` so if the caller doesn't know about
multierror, it will work just fine. But if you're aware a multierror might
be returned, you can use type switches to access the list of errors:
```go
if err := something(); err != nil {
if merr, ok := err.(*multierror.Error); ok {
// Use merr.Errors
}
}
```
**Returning a multierror only if there are errors**
If you build a `multierror.Error`, you can use the `ErrorOrNil` function
to return an `error` implementation only if there are errors to return:
```go
var result *multierror.Error
// ... accumulate errors here
// Return the `error` only if errors were added to the multierror, otherwise
// return nil since there are no errors.
return result.ErrorOrNil()
```

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golang-lru
==========
This provides the `lru` package which implements a fixed-size
thread safe LRU cache. It is based on the cache in Groupcache.
Documentation
=============
Full docs are available on [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru)
Example
=======
Using the LRU is very simple:
```go
l, _ := New(128)
for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
l.Add(i, nil)
}
if l.Len() != 128 {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("bad len: %v", l.Len()))
}
```

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# memberlist [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/memberlist?status.png)](https://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/memberlist)
memberlist is a [Go](http://www.golang.org) library that manages cluster
membership and member failure detection using a gossip based protocol.
The use cases for such a library are far-reaching: all distributed systems
require membership, and memberlist is a re-usable solution to managing
cluster membership and node failure detection.
memberlist is eventually consistent but converges quickly on average.
The speed at which it converges can be heavily tuned via various knobs
on the protocol. Node failures are detected and network partitions are partially
tolerated by attempting to communicate to potentially dead nodes through
multiple routes.
## Building
If you wish to build memberlist you'll need Go version 1.2+ installed.
Please check your installation with:
```
go version
```
## Usage
Memberlist is surprisingly simple to use. An example is shown below:
```go
/* Create the initial memberlist from a safe configuration.
Please reference the godoc for other default config types.
http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/memberlist#Config
*/
list, err := memberlist.Create(memberlist.DefaultLocalConfig())
if err != nil {
panic("Failed to create memberlist: " + err.Error())
}
// Join an existing cluster by specifying at least one known member.
n, err := list.Join([]string{"1.2.3.4"})
if err != nil {
panic("Failed to join cluster: " + err.Error())
}
// Ask for members of the cluster
for _, member := range list.Members() {
fmt.Printf("Member: %s %s\n", member.Name, member.Addr)
}
// Continue doing whatever you need, memberlist will maintain membership
// information in the background. Delegates can be used for receiving
// events when members join or leave.
```
The most difficult part of memberlist is configuring it since it has many
available knobs in order to tune state propagation delay and convergence times.
Memberlist provides a default configuration that offers a good starting point,
but errs on the side of caution, choosing values that are optimized for
higher convergence at the cost of higher bandwidth usage.
For complete documentation, see the associated [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/hashicorp/memberlist).
## Protocol
memberlist is based on ["SWIM: Scalable Weakly-consistent Infection-style Process Group Membership Protocol"](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~asdas/research/dsn02-swim.pdf),
with a few minor adaptations, mostly to increase propagation speed and
convergence rate.
A high level overview of the memberlist protocol (based on SWIM) is
described below, but for details please read the full
[SWIM paper](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~asdas/research/dsn02-swim.pdf)
followed by the memberlist source. We welcome any questions related
to the protocol on our issue tracker.
### Protocol Description
memberlist begins by joining an existing cluster or starting a new
cluster. If starting a new cluster, additional nodes are expected to join
it. New nodes in an existing cluster must be given the address of at
least one existing member in order to join the cluster. The new member
does a full state sync with the existing member over TCP and begins gossiping its
existence to the cluster.
Gossip is done over UDP to a with a configurable but fixed fanout and interval.
This ensures that network usage is constant with regards to number of nodes, as opposed to
exponential growth that can occur with traditional heartbeat mechanisms.
Complete state exchanges with a random node are done periodically over
TCP, but much less often than gossip messages. This increases the likelihood
that the membership list converges properly since the full state is exchanged
and merged. The interval between full state exchanges is configurable or can
be disabled entirely.
Failure detection is done by periodic random probing using a configurable interval.
If the node fails to ack within a reasonable time (typically some multiple
of RTT), then an indirect probe as well as a direct TCP probe are attempted. An
indirect probe asks a configurable number of random nodes to probe the same node,
in case there are network issues causing our own node to fail the probe. The direct
TCP probe is used to help identify the common situation where networking is
misconfigured to allow TCP but not UDP. Without the TCP probe, a UDP-isolated node
would think all other nodes were suspect and could cause churn in the cluster when
it attempts a TCP-based state exchange with another node. It is not desirable to
operate with only TCP connectivity because convergence will be much slower, but it
is enabled so that memberlist can detect this situation and alert operators.
If both our probe, the indirect probes, and the direct TCP probe fail within a
configurable time, then the node is marked "suspicious" and this knowledge is
gossiped to the cluster. A suspicious node is still considered a member of
cluster. If the suspect member of the cluster does not dispute the suspicion
within a configurable period of time, the node is finally considered dead,
and this state is then gossiped to the cluster.
This is a brief and incomplete description of the protocol. For a better idea,
please read the
[SWIM paper](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~asdas/research/dsn02-swim.pdf)
in its entirety, along with the memberlist source code.
### Changes from SWIM
As mentioned earlier, the memberlist protocol is based on SWIM but includes
minor changes, mostly to increase propagation speed and convergence rates.
The changes from SWIM are noted here:
* memberlist does a full state sync over TCP periodically. SWIM only propagates
changes over gossip. While both eventually reach convergence, the full state
sync increases the likelihood that nodes are fully converged more quickly,
at the expense of more bandwidth usage. This feature can be totally disabled
if you wish.
* memberlist has a dedicated gossip layer separate from the failure detection
protocol. SWIM only piggybacks gossip messages on top of probe/ack messages.
memberlist also piggybacks gossip messages on top of probe/ack messages, but
also will periodically send out dedicated gossip messages on their own. This
feature lets you have a higher gossip rate (for example once per 200ms)
and a slower failure detection rate (such as once per second), resulting
in overall faster convergence rates and data propagation speeds. This feature
can be totally disabed as well, if you wish.
* memberlist stores around the state of dead nodes for a set amount of time,
so that when full syncs are requested, the requester also receives information
about dead nodes. Because SWIM doesn't do full syncs, SWIM deletes dead node
state immediately upon learning that the node is dead. This change again helps
the cluster converge more quickly.

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# Serf
* Website: https://www.serfdom.io
* IRC: `#serfdom` on Freenode
* Mailing list: [Google Groups](https://groups.google.com/group/serfdom/)
Serf is a decentralized solution for service discovery and orchestration
that is lightweight, highly available, and fault tolerant.
Serf runs on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows. An efficient and lightweight gossip
protocol is used to communicate with other nodes. Serf can detect node failures
and notify the rest of the cluster. An event system is built on top of
Serf, letting you use Serf's gossip protocol to propagate events such
as deploys, configuration changes, etc. Serf is completely masterless
with no single point of failure.
Here are some example use cases of Serf, though there are many others:
* Discovering web servers and automatically adding them to a load balancer
* Organizing many memcached or redis nodes into a cluster, perhaps with
something like [twemproxy](https://github.com/twitter/twemproxy) or
maybe just configuring an application with the address of all the
nodes
* Triggering web deploys using the event system built on top of Serf
* Propagating changes to configuration to relevant nodes.
* Updating DNS records to reflect cluster changes as they occur.
* Much, much more.
## Quick Start
First, [download a pre-built Serf binary](https://www.serfdom.io/downloads.html)
for your operating system or [compile Serf yourself](#developing-serf).
Next, let's start a couple Serf agents. Agents run until they're told to quit
and handle the communication of maintenance tasks of Serf. In a real Serf
setup, each node in your system will run one or more Serf agents (it can
run multiple agents if you're running multiple cluster types. e.g. web
servers vs. memcached servers).
Start each Serf agent in a separate terminal session so that we can see
the output of each. Start the first agent:
```
$ serf agent -node=foo -bind=127.0.0.1:5000 -rpc-addr=127.0.0.1:7373
...
```
Start the second agent in another terminal session (while the first is still
running):
```
$ serf agent -node=bar -bind=127.0.0.1:5001 -rpc-addr=127.0.0.1:7374
...
```
At this point two Serf agents are running independently but are still
unaware of each other. Let's now tell the first agent to join an existing
cluster (the second agent). When starting a Serf agent, you must join an
existing cluster by specifying at least one existing member. After this,
Serf gossips and the remainder of the cluster becomes aware of the join.
Run the following commands in a third terminal session.
```
$ serf join 127.0.0.1:5001
...
```
If you're watching your terminals, you should see both Serf agents
become aware of the join. You can prove it by running `serf members`
to see the members of the Serf cluster:
```
$ serf members
foo 127.0.0.1:5000 alive
bar 127.0.0.1:5001 alive
...
```
At this point, you can ctrl-C or force kill either Serf agent, and they'll
update their membership lists appropriately. If you ctrl-C a Serf agent,
it will gracefully leave by notifying the cluster of its intent to leave.
If you force kill an agent, it will eventually (usually within seconds)
be detected by another member of the cluster which will notify the
cluster of the node failure.
## Documentation
Full, comprehensive documentation is viewable on the Serf website:
https://www.serfdom.io/docs
## Developing Serf
If you wish to work on Serf itself, you'll first need [Go](https://golang.org)
installed (version 1.2+ is _required_). Make sure you have Go properly
[installed](https://golang.org/doc/install),
including setting up your [GOPATH](https://golang.org/doc/code.html#GOPATH).
Next, clone this repository into `$GOPATH/src/github.com/hashicorp/serf` and
then just type `make`. In a few moments, you'll have a working `serf` executable:
```
$ make
...
$ bin/serf
...
```
*note: `make` will also place a copy of the executable under $GOPATH/bin*
You can run tests by typing `make test`.
If you make any changes to the code, run `make format` in order to automatically
format the code according to Go standards.

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# Mergo
A helper to merge structs and maps in Golang. Useful for configuration default values, avoiding messy if-statements.
Also a lovely [comune](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo) (municipality) in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche.
![Mergo dall'alto](http://www.comune.mergo.an.it/Siti/Mergo/Immagini/Foto/mergo_dall_alto.jpg)
## Status
It is ready for production use. It works fine after extensive use in the wild.
[![Build Status][1]][2]
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/imdario/mergo?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/imdario/mergo)
[1]: https://travis-ci.org/imdario/mergo.png
[2]: https://travis-ci.org/imdario/mergo
### Important note
Mergo is intended to assign **only** zero value fields on destination with source value. Since April 6th it works like this. Before it didn't work properly, causing some random overwrites. After some issues and PRs I found it didn't merge as I designed it. Thanks to [imdario/mergo#8](https://github.com/imdario/mergo/pull/8) overwriting functions were added and the wrong behavior was clearly detected.
If you were using Mergo **before** April 6th 2015, please check your project works as intended after updating your local copy with ```go get -u github.com/imdario/mergo```. I apologize for any issue caused by its previous behavior and any future bug that Mergo could cause (I hope it won't!) in existing projects after the change (release 0.2.0).
### Mergo in the wild
- [imdario/zas](https://github.com/imdario/zas)
- [GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes)
- [soniah/dnsmadeeasy](https://github.com/soniah/dnsmadeeasy)
- [EagerIO/Stout](https://github.com/EagerIO/Stout)
- [lynndylanhurley/defsynth-api](https://github.com/lynndylanhurley/defsynth-api)
- [russross/canvasassignments](https://github.com/russross/canvasassignments)
- [rdegges/cryptly-api](https://github.com/rdegges/cryptly-api)
- [casualjim/exeggutor](https://github.com/casualjim/exeggutor)
- [divshot/gitling](https://github.com/divshot/gitling)
- [RWJMurphy/gorl](https://github.com/RWJMurphy/gorl)
- [andrerocker/deploy42](https://github.com/andrerocker/deploy42)
- [elwinar/rambler](https://github.com/elwinar/rambler)
- [tmaiaroto/gopartman](https://github.com/tmaiaroto/gopartman)
- [jfbus/impressionist](https://github.com/jfbus/impressionist)
- [Jmeyering/zealot](https://github.com/Jmeyering/zealot)
- [godep-migrator/rigger-host](https://github.com/godep-migrator/rigger-host)
- [Dronevery/MultiwaySwitch-Go](https://github.com/Dronevery/MultiwaySwitch-Go)
- [thoas/picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit)
- [mantasmatelis/whooplist-server](https://github.com/mantasmatelis/whooplist-server)
- [jnuthong/item_search](https://github.com/jnuthong/item_search)
## Installation
go get github.com/imdario/mergo
// use in your .go code
import (
"github.com/imdario/mergo"
)
## Usage
You can only merge same-type structs with exported fields initialized as zero value of their type and same-types maps. Mergo won't merge unexported (private) fields but will do recursively any exported one. Also maps will be merged recursively except for structs inside maps (because they are not addressable using Go reflection).
if err := mergo.Merge(&dst, src); err != nil {
// ...
}
Additionally, you can map a map[string]interface{} to a struct (and otherwise, from struct to map), following the same restrictions as in Merge(). Keys are capitalized to find each corresponding exported field.
if err := mergo.Map(&dst, srcMap); err != nil {
// ...
}
Warning: if you map a struct to map, it won't do it recursively. Don't expect Mergo to map struct members of your struct as map[string]interface{}. They will be just assigned as values.
More information and examples in [godoc documentation](http://godoc.org/github.com/imdario/mergo).
### Nice example
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/imdario/mergo"
)
type Foo struct {
A string
B int64
}
func main() {
src := Foo{
A: "one",
}
dest := Foo{
A: "two",
B: 2,
}
mergo.Merge(&dest, src)
fmt.Println(dest)
// Will print
// {two 2}
}
```
Note: if test are failing due missing package, please execute:
go get gopkg.in/yaml.v1
## Contact me
If I can help you, you have an idea or you are using Mergo in your projects, don't hesitate to drop me a line (or a pull request): [@im_dario](https://twitter.com/im_dario)
## About
Written by [Dario Castañé](http://dario.im).
## License
[BSD 3-Clause](http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause) license, as [Go language](http://golang.org/LICENSE).

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# mousetrap
mousetrap is a tiny library that answers a single question.
On a Windows machine, was the process invoked by someone double clicking on
the executable file while browsing in explorer?
### Motivation
Windows developers unfamiliar with command line tools will often "double-click"
the executable for a tool. Because most CLI tools print the help and then exit
when invoked without arguments, this is often very frustrating for those users.
mousetrap provides a way to detect these invocations so that you can provide
more helpful behavior and instructions on how to run the CLI tool. To see what
this looks like, both from an organizational and a technical perspective, see
https://inconshreveable.com/09-09-2014/sweat-the-small-stuff/
### The interface
The library exposes a single interface:
func StartedByExplorer() (bool)

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# go-jmespath - A JMESPath implementation in Go
[![Build Status](https://img.shields.io/travis/jmespath/go-jmespath.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/jmespath/go-jmespath)
See http://jmespath.org for more info.

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Copyright (c) 2011 Keith Rarick
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated
documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall
be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS
OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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# pty
Pty is a Go package for using unix pseudo-terminals.
## Install
go get github.com/kr/pty
## Example
```go
package main
import (
"github.com/kr/pty"
"io"
"os"
"os/exec"
)
func main() {
c := exec.Command("grep", "--color=auto", "bar")
f, err := pty.Start(c)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
go func() {
f.Write([]byte("foo\n"))
f.Write([]byte("bar\n"))
f.Write([]byte("baz\n"))
f.Write([]byte{4}) // EOT
}()
io.Copy(os.Stdout, f)
}
```

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# go-shellwords
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/mattn/go-shellwords/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/mattn/go-shellwords?branch=master)
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/mattn/go-shellwords.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/mattn/go-shellwords)
Parse line as shell words.
## Usage
```go
args, err := shellwords.Parse("./foo --bar=baz")
// args should be ["./foo", "--bar=baz"]
```
```go
os.Setenv("FOO", "bar")
p := shellwords.NewParser()
p.ParseEnv = true
args, err := p.Parse("./foo $FOO")
// args should be ["./foo", "bar"]
```
```go
p := shellwords.NewParser()
p.ParseBacktick = true
args, err := p.Parse("./foo `echo $SHELL`")
// args should be ["./foo", "/bin/bash"]
```
```go
shellwords.ParseBacktick = true
p := shellwords.NewParser()
args, err := p.Parse("./foo `echo $SHELL`")
// args should be ["./foo", "/bin/bash"]
```
# Thanks
This is based on cpan module [Parse::CommandLine](https://metacpan.org/pod/Parse::CommandLine).
# License
under the MIT License: http://mattn.mit-license.org/2014
# Author
Yasuhiro Matsumoto (a.k.a mattn)

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# Overview
This repository provides various Protocol Buffer extensions for the Go
language (golang), namely support for record length-delimited message
streaming.
| Java | Go |
| ------------------------------ | --------------------- |
| MessageLite#parseDelimitedFrom | pbutil.ReadDelimited |
| MessageLite#writeDelimitedTo | pbutil.WriteDelimited |
Because [Code Review 9102043](https://codereview.appspot.com/9102043/) is
destined to never be merged into mainline (i.e., never be promoted to formal
[goprotobuf features](https://github.com/golang/protobuf)), this repository
will live here in the wild.
# Documentation
We have [generated Go Doc documentation](http://godoc.org/github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions/pbutil) here.
# Testing
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions)

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[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/miekg/dns.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/miekg/dns)
# Alternative (more granular) approach to a DNS library
> Less is more.
Complete and usable DNS library. All widely used Resource Records are
supported, including the DNSSEC types. It follows a lean and mean philosophy.
If there is stuff you should know as a DNS programmer there isn't a convenience
function for it. Server side and client side programming is supported, i.e. you
can build servers and resolvers with it.
We try to keep the "master" branch as sane as possible and at the bleeding edge
of standards, avoiding breaking changes wherever reasonable. We support the last
two versions of Go, currently: 1.4 and 1.5.
# Goals
* KISS;
* Fast;
* Small API, if its easy to code in Go, don't make a function for it.
# Users
A not-so-up-to-date-list-that-may-be-actually-current:
* https://cloudflare.com
* https://github.com/abh/geodns
* http://www.statdns.com/
* http://www.dnsinspect.com/
* https://github.com/chuangbo/jianbing-dictionary-dns
* http://www.dns-lg.com/
* https://github.com/fcambus/rrda
* https://github.com/kenshinx/godns
* https://github.com/skynetservices/skydns
* https://github.com/DevelopersPL/godnsagent
* https://github.com/duedil-ltd/discodns
* https://github.com/StalkR/dns-reverse-proxy
* https://github.com/tianon/rawdns
* https://mesosphere.github.io/mesos-dns/
* https://pulse.turbobytes.com/
* https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.turbobytes.dig
* https://github.com/fcambus/statzone
* https://github.com/benschw/dns-clb-go
* https://github.com/corny/dnscheck for http://public-dns.tk/
* https://namesmith.io
* https://github.com/miekg/unbound
* https://github.com/miekg/exdns
Send pull request if you want to be listed here.
# Features
* UDP/TCP queries, IPv4 and IPv6;
* RFC 1035 zone file parsing ($INCLUDE, $ORIGIN, $TTL and $GENERATE (for all record types) are supported;
* Fast:
* Reply speed around ~ 80K qps (faster hardware results in more qps);
* Parsing RRs ~ 100K RR/s, that's 5M records in about 50 seconds;
* Server side programming (mimicking the net/http package);
* Client side programming;
* DNSSEC: signing, validating and key generation for DSA, RSA and ECDSA;
* EDNS0, NSID;
* AXFR/IXFR;
* TSIG, SIG(0);
* DNS name compression;
* Depends only on the standard library.
Have fun!
Miek Gieben - 2010-2012 - <miek@miek.nl>
# Building
Building is done with the `go` tool. If you have setup your GOPATH
correctly, the following should work:
go get github.com/miekg/dns
go build github.com/miekg/dns
## Examples
A short "how to use the API" is at the beginning of doc.go (this also will show
when you call `godoc github.com/miekg/dns`).
Example programs can be found in the `github.com/miekg/exdns` repository.
## Supported RFCs
*all of them*
* 103{4,5} - DNS standard
* 1348 - NSAP record (removed the record)
* 1982 - Serial Arithmetic
* 1876 - LOC record
* 1995 - IXFR
* 1996 - DNS notify
* 2136 - DNS Update (dynamic updates)
* 2181 - RRset definition - there is no RRset type though, just []RR
* 2537 - RSAMD5 DNS keys
* 2065 - DNSSEC (updated in later RFCs)
* 2671 - EDNS record
* 2782 - SRV record
* 2845 - TSIG record
* 2915 - NAPTR record
* 2929 - DNS IANA Considerations
* 3110 - RSASHA1 DNS keys
* 3225 - DO bit (DNSSEC OK)
* 340{1,2,3} - NAPTR record
* 3445 - Limiting the scope of (DNS)KEY
* 3597 - Unknown RRs
* 4025 - IPSECKEY
* 403{3,4,5} - DNSSEC + validation functions
* 4255 - SSHFP record
* 4343 - Case insensitivity
* 4408 - SPF record
* 4509 - SHA256 Hash in DS
* 4592 - Wildcards in the DNS
* 4635 - HMAC SHA TSIG
* 4701 - DHCID
* 4892 - id.server
* 5001 - NSID
* 5155 - NSEC3 record
* 5205 - HIP record
* 5702 - SHA2 in the DNS
* 5936 - AXFR
* 5966 - TCP implementation recommendations
* 6605 - ECDSA
* 6725 - IANA Registry Update
* 6742 - ILNP DNS
* 6840 - Clarifications and Implementation Notes for DNS Security
* 6844 - CAA record
* 6891 - EDNS0 update
* 6895 - DNS IANA considerations
* 6975 - Algorithm Understanding in DNSSEC
* 7043 - EUI48/EUI64 records
* 7314 - DNS (EDNS) EXPIRE Option
* 7553 - URI record
* xxxx - EDNS0 DNS Update Lease (draft)
## Loosely based upon
* `ldns`
* `NSD`
* `Net::DNS`
* `GRONG`
## TODO
* privatekey.Precompute() when signing?
* Last remaining RRs: APL, ATMA, A6, NSAP and NXT.
* Missing in parsing: ISDN, UNSPEC, NSAP and ATMA.
* NSEC(3) cover/match/closest enclose.
* Replies with TC bit are not parsed to the end.

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# PKCS#11 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/miekg/pkcs11.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/miekg/pkcs11)
This is a Go implementation of the PKCS#11 API. It wraps the library closely, but uses Go idiom
were it makes sense. It has been tested with SoftHSM.
## SoftHSM
* Make it use a custom configuration file `export SOFTHSM_CONF=$PWD/softhsm.conf`
* Then use `softhsm` to init it
softhsm --init-token --slot 0 --label test --pin 1234
* Then use `libsofthsm.so` as the pkcs11 module:
p := pkcs11.New("/usr/lib/softhsm/libsofthsm.so")
## Examples
A skeleton program would look somewhat like this (yes, pkcs#11 is verbose):
p := pkcs11.New("/usr/lib/softhsm/libsofthsm.so")
err := p.Initialize()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer p.Destroy()
defer p.Finalize()
slots, err := p.GetSlotList(true)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
session, err := p.OpenSession(slots[0], pkcs11.CKF_SERIAL_SESSION|pkcs11.CKF_RW_SESSION)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer p.CloseSession(session)
err = p.Login(session, pkcs11.CKU_USER, "1234")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer p.Logout(session)
p.DigestInit(session, []*pkcs11.Mechanism{pkcs11.NewMechanism(pkcs11.CKM_SHA_1, nil)})
hash, err := p.Digest(session, []byte("this is a string"))
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
for _, d := range hash {
fmt.Printf("%x", d)
}
fmt.Println()
Further examples are included in the tests.
# TODO
* Fix/double check endian stuff, see types.go NewAttribute()
* Look at the memory copying in fast functions (sign, hash etc)

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# Go Wrapper for ZFS #
Simple wrappers for ZFS command line tools.
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs)
## Requirements ##
You need a working ZFS setup. To use on Ubuntu 14.04, setup ZFS:
sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:zfs-native/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-zfs libzfs-dev
Developed using Go 1.3, but currently there isn't anything 1.3 specific. Don't use Ubuntu packages for Go, use http://golang.org/doc/install
Generally you need root privileges to use anything zfs related.
## Status ##
This has been only been tested on Ubuntu 14.04
In the future, we hope to work directly with libzfs.
# Hacking #
The tests have decent examples for most functions.
```go
//assuming a zpool named test
//error handling ommitted
f, err := zfs.CreateFilesystem("test/snapshot-test", nil)
ok(t, err)
s, err := f.Snapshot("test", nil)
ok(t, err)
// snapshot is named "test/snapshot-test@test"
c, err := s.Clone("test/clone-test", nil)
err := c.Destroy()
err := s.Destroy()
err := f.Destroy()
```
# Contributing #
See the [contributing guidelines](./CONTRIBUTING.md)

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# mapstructure
mapstructure is a Go library for decoding generic map values to structures
and vice versa, while providing helpful error handling.
This library is most useful when decoding values from some data stream (JSON,
Gob, etc.) where you don't _quite_ know the structure of the underlying data
until you read a part of it. You can therefore read a `map[string]interface{}`
and use this library to decode it into the proper underlying native Go
structure.
## Installation
Standard `go get`:
```
$ go get github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure
```
## Usage & Example
For usage and examples see the [Godoc](http://godoc.org/github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure).
The `Decode` function has examples associated with it there.
## But Why?!
Go offers fantastic standard libraries for decoding formats such as JSON.
The standard method is to have a struct pre-created, and populate that struct
from the bytes of the encoded format. This is great, but the problem is if
you have configuration or an encoding that changes slightly depending on
specific fields. For example, consider this JSON:
```json
{
"type": "person",
"name": "Mitchell"
}
```
Perhaps we can't populate a specific structure without first reading
the "type" field from the JSON. We could always do two passes over the
decoding of the JSON (reading the "type" first, and the rest later).
However, it is much simpler to just decode this into a `map[string]interface{}`
structure, read the "type" key, then use something like this library
to decode it into the proper structure.

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Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.
a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE
EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS
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b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE
TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
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COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR
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c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided
above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent
possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and
waiver of all liability.
Section 6 -- Term and Termination.
a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and
Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with
this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License
terminate automatically.
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under
Section 6(a), it reinstates:
1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided
it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the
violation; or
2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any
right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations
of this Public License.
c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the
Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop
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d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public
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Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.
a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different
terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the
Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and
independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.
Section 8 -- Interpretation.
a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and
shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose
conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully
be made without permission under this Public License.
b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is
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cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License
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c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no
failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the
Licensor.
d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted
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=======================================================================
Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses.
Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public
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considered the "Licensor." Except for the limited purpose of indicating
that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as
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# go-digest
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-digest?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-digest) [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/docker/go-digest)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/docker/go-digest) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/docker/go-digest.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/docker/go-digest)
Common digest package used across the container ecosystem.
Please see the [godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-digest) for more information.
# What is a digest?
A digest is just a hash.
The most common use case for a digest is to create a content
identifier for use in [Content Addressable Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-addressable_storage)
systems:
```go
id := digest.FromBytes([]byte("my content"))
```
In the example above, the id can be used to uniquely identify
the byte slice "my content". This allows two disparate applications
to agree on a verifiable identifier without having to trust one
another.
An identifying digest can be verified, as follows:
```go
if id != digest.FromBytes([]byte("my content")) {
return errors.New("the content has changed!")
}
```
A `Verifier` type can be used to handle cases where an `io.Reader`
makes more sense:
```go
rd := getContent()
verifier := id.Verifier()
io.Copy(verifier, rd)
if !verifier.Verified() {
return errors.New("the content has changed!")
}
```
Using [Merkle DAGs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree), this
can power a rich, safe, content distribution system.
# Usage
While the [godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-digest) is
considered the best resource, a few important items need to be called
out when using this package.
1. Make sure to import the hash implementations into your application
or the package will panic. You should have something like the
following in the main (or other entrypoint) of your application:
```go
import (
_ "crypto/sha256"
_ "crypto/sha512"
)
```
This may seem inconvenient but it allows you replace the hash
implementations with others, such as https://github.com/stevvooe/resumable.
2. Even though `digest.Digest` may be assemable as a string, _always_
verify your input with `digest.Parse` or use `Digest.Validate`
when accepting untrusted input. While there are measures to
avoid common problems, this will ensure you have valid digests
in the rest of your application.
# Stability
The Go API, at this stage, is considered stable, unless otherwise noted.
As always, before using a package export, read the [godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/docker/go-digest).
# Contributing
This package is considered fairly complete. It has been in production
in thousands (millions?) of deployments and is fairly battle-hardened.
New additions will be met with skepticism. If you think there is a
missing feature, please file a bug clearly describing the problem and
the alternatives you tried before submitting a PR.
# Reporting security issues
The maintainers take security seriously. If you discover a security
issue, please bring it to their attention right away!
Please DO NOT file a public issue, instead send your report privately
to security@docker.com.
Security reports are greatly appreciated and we will publicly thank you
for it. We also like to send gifts—if you're into Docker schwag, make
sure to let us know. We currently do not offer a paid security bounty
program, but are not ruling it out in the future.
# Copyright and license
Copyright © 2016 Docker, Inc. All rights reserved, except as follows. Code is released under the [Apache 2.0 license](LICENSE.code). This `README.md` file and the [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](CONTRIBUTING.md) file are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License under the terms and conditions set forth in the file [`LICENSE.docs`](LICENSE.docs). You may obtain a duplicate copy of the same license, titled CC BY-SA 4.0, at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

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[![Build Status](https://jenkins.dockerproject.org/buildStatus/icon?job=runc Master)](https://jenkins.dockerproject.org/job/runc Master)
## runc
`runc` is a CLI tool for spawning and running containers according to the OCI specification.
## Releases
`runc` depends on and tracks the [runtime-spec](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec) repository.
We will try to make sure that `runc` and the OCI specification major versions stay in lockstep.
This means that `runc` 1.0.0 should implement the 1.0 version of the specification.
You can find official releases of `runc` on the [release](https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases) page.
## Building
`runc` currently supports the Linux platform with various architecture support.
It must be built with Go version 1.6 or higher in order for some features to function properly.
In order to enable seccomp support you will need to install `libseccomp` on your platform.
> e.g. `libseccomp-devel` for CentOS, or `libseccomp-dev` for Ubuntu
Otherwise, if you do not want to build `runc` with seccomp support you can add `BUILDTAGS=""` when running make.
```bash
# create a 'github.com/opencontainers' in your GOPATH/src
cd github.com/opencontainers
git clone https://github.com/opencontainers/runc
cd runc
make
sudo make install
```
`runc` will be installed to `/usr/local/sbin/runc` on your system.
#### Build Tags
`runc` supports optional build tags for compiling support of various features.
To add build tags to the make option the `BUILDTAGS` variable must be set.
```bash
make BUILDTAGS='seccomp apparmor'
```
| Build Tag | Feature | Dependency |
|-----------|------------------------------------|-------------|
| seccomp | Syscall filtering | libseccomp |
| selinux | selinux process and mount labeling | <none> |
| apparmor | apparmor profile support | libapparmor |
| ambient | ambient capability support | kernel 4.3 |
### Running the test suite
`runc` currently supports running its test suite via Docker.
To run the suite just type `make test`.
```bash
make test
```
There are additional make targets for running the tests outside of a container but this is not recommended as the tests are written with the expectation that they can write and remove anywhere.
You can run a specific test case by setting the `TESTFLAGS` variable.
```bash
# make test TESTFLAGS="-run=SomeTestFunction"
```
## Using runc
### Creating an OCI Bundle
In order to use runc you must have your container in the format of an OCI bundle.
If you have Docker installed you can use its `export` method to acquire a root filesystem from an existing Docker container.
```bash
# create the top most bundle directory
mkdir /mycontainer
cd /mycontainer
# create the rootfs directory
mkdir rootfs
# export busybox via Docker into the rootfs directory
docker export $(docker create busybox) | tar -C rootfs -xvf -
```
After a root filesystem is populated you just generate a spec in the format of a `config.json` file inside your bundle.
`runc` provides a `spec` command to generate a base template spec that you are then able to edit.
To find features and documentation for fields in the spec please refer to the [specs](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec) repository.
```bash
runc spec
```
### Running Containers
Assuming you have an OCI bundle from the previous step you can execute the container in two different ways.
The first way is to use the convenience command `run` that will handle creating, starting, and deleting the container after it exits.
```bash
cd /mycontainer
runc run mycontainerid
```
If you used the unmodified `runc spec` template this should give you a `sh` session inside the container.
The second way to start a container is using the specs lifecycle operations.
This gives you more power over how the container is created and managed while it is running.
This will also launch the container in the background so you will have to edit the `config.json` to remove the `terminal` setting for the simple examples here.
Your process field in the `config.json` should look like this below with `"terminal": false` and `"args": ["sleep", "5"]`.
```json
"process": {
"terminal": false,
"user": {
"uid": 0,
"gid": 0
},
"args": [
"sleep", "5"
],
"env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"TERM=xterm"
],
"cwd": "/",
"capabilities": [
"CAP_AUDIT_WRITE",
"CAP_KILL",
"CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE"
],
"rlimits": [
{
"type": "RLIMIT_NOFILE",
"hard": 1024,
"soft": 1024
}
],
"noNewPrivileges": true
},
```
Now we can go though the lifecycle operations in your shell.
```bash
cd /mycontainer
runc create mycontainerid
# view the container is created and in the "created" state
runc list
# start the process inside the container
runc start mycontainerid
# after 5 seconds view that the container has exited and is now in the stopped state
runc list
# now delete the container
runc delete mycontainerid
```
This adds more complexity but allows higher level systems to manage runc and provides points in the containers creation to setup various settings after the container has created and/or before it is deleted.
This is commonly used to setup the container's network stack after `create` but before `start` where the user's defined process will be running.
#### Supervisors
`runc` can be used with process supervisors and init systems to ensure that containers are restarted when they exit.
An example systemd unit file looks something like this.
```systemd
[Unit]
Description=Start My Container
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/sbin/runc run -d --pid-file /run/mycontainerid.pid mycontainerid
ExecStopPost=/usr/local/sbin/runc delete mycontainerid
WorkingDirectory=/mycontainer
PIDFile=/run/mycontainerid.pid
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
```

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Libcontainer provides a native Go implementation for creating containers
with namespaces, cgroups, capabilities, and filesystem access controls.
It allows you to manage the lifecycle of the container performing additional operations
after the container is created.
#### Container
A container is a self contained execution environment that shares the kernel of the
host system and which is (optionally) isolated from other containers in the system.
#### Using libcontainer
Because containers are spawned in a two step process you will need a binary that
will be executed as the init process for the container. In libcontainer, we use
the current binary (/proc/self/exe) to be executed as the init process, and use
arg "init", we call the first step process "bootstrap", so you always need a "init"
function as the entry of "bootstrap".
```go
func init() {
if len(os.Args) > 1 && os.Args[1] == "init" {
runtime.GOMAXPROCS(1)
runtime.LockOSThread()
factory, _ := libcontainer.New("")
if err := factory.StartInitialization(); err != nil {
logrus.Fatal(err)
}
panic("--this line should have never been executed, congratulations--")
}
}
```
Then to create a container you first have to initialize an instance of a factory
that will handle the creation and initialization for a container.
```go
factory, err := libcontainer.New("/var/lib/container", libcontainer.Cgroupfs, libcontainer.InitArgs(os.Args[0], "init"))
if err != nil {
logrus.Fatal(err)
return
}
```
Once you have an instance of the factory created we can create a configuration
struct describing how the container is to be created. A sample would look similar to this:
```go
defaultMountFlags := syscall.MS_NOEXEC | syscall.MS_NOSUID | syscall.MS_NODEV
config := &configs.Config{
Rootfs: "/your/path/to/rootfs",
Capabilities: []string{
"CAP_CHOWN",
"CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE",
"CAP_FSETID",
"CAP_FOWNER",
"CAP_MKNOD",
"CAP_NET_RAW",
"CAP_SETGID",
"CAP_SETUID",
"CAP_SETFCAP",
"CAP_SETPCAP",
"CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE",
"CAP_SYS_CHROOT",
"CAP_KILL",
"CAP_AUDIT_WRITE",
},
Namespaces: configs.Namespaces([]configs.Namespace{
{Type: configs.NEWNS},
{Type: configs.NEWUTS},
{Type: configs.NEWIPC},
{Type: configs.NEWPID},
{Type: configs.NEWUSER},
{Type: configs.NEWNET},
}),
Cgroups: &configs.Cgroup{
Name: "test-container",
Parent: "system",
Resources: &configs.Resources{
MemorySwappiness: nil,
AllowAllDevices: nil,
AllowedDevices: configs.DefaultAllowedDevices,
},
},
MaskPaths: []string{
"/proc/kcore",
"/sys/firmware",
},
ReadonlyPaths: []string{
"/proc/sys", "/proc/sysrq-trigger", "/proc/irq", "/proc/bus",
},
Devices: configs.DefaultAutoCreatedDevices,
Hostname: "testing",
Mounts: []*configs.Mount{
{
Source: "proc",
Destination: "/proc",
Device: "proc",
Flags: defaultMountFlags,
},
{
Source: "tmpfs",
Destination: "/dev",
Device: "tmpfs",
Flags: syscall.MS_NOSUID | syscall.MS_STRICTATIME,
Data: "mode=755",
},
{
Source: "devpts",
Destination: "/dev/pts",
Device: "devpts",
Flags: syscall.MS_NOSUID | syscall.MS_NOEXEC,
Data: "newinstance,ptmxmode=0666,mode=0620,gid=5",
},
{
Device: "tmpfs",
Source: "shm",
Destination: "/dev/shm",
Data: "mode=1777,size=65536k",
Flags: defaultMountFlags,
},
{
Source: "mqueue",
Destination: "/dev/mqueue",
Device: "mqueue",
Flags: defaultMountFlags,
},
{
Source: "sysfs",
Destination: "/sys",
Device: "sysfs",
Flags: defaultMountFlags | syscall.MS_RDONLY,
},
},
UidMappings: []configs.IDMap{
{
ContainerID: 0,
HostID: 1000,
Size: 65536,
},
},
GidMappings: []configs.IDMap{
{
ContainerID: 0,
HostID: 1000,
Size: 65536,
},
},
Networks: []*configs.Network{
{
Type: "loopback",
Address: "127.0.0.1/0",
Gateway: "localhost",
},
},
Rlimits: []configs.Rlimit{
{
Type: syscall.RLIMIT_NOFILE,
Hard: uint64(1025),
Soft: uint64(1025),
},
},
}
```
Once you have the configuration populated you can create a container:
```go
container, err := factory.Create("container-id", config)
if err != nil {
logrus.Fatal(err)
return
}
```
To spawn bash as the initial process inside the container and have the
processes pid returned in order to wait, signal, or kill the process:
```go
process := &libcontainer.Process{
Args: []string{"/bin/bash"},
Env: []string{"PATH=/bin"},
User: "daemon",
Stdin: os.Stdin,
Stdout: os.Stdout,
Stderr: os.Stderr,
}
err := container.Run(process)
if err != nil {
container.Destroy()
logrus.Fatal(err)
return
}
// wait for the process to finish.
_, err := process.Wait()
if err != nil {
logrus.Fatal(err)
}
// destroy the container.
container.Destroy()
```
Additional ways to interact with a running container are:
```go
// return all the pids for all processes running inside the container.
processes, err := container.Processes()
// get detailed cpu, memory, io, and network statistics for the container and
// it's processes.
stats, err := container.Stats()
// pause all processes inside the container.
container.Pause()
// resume all paused processes.
container.Resume()
// send signal to container's init process.
container.Signal(signal)
// update container resource constraints.
container.Set(config)
// get current status of the container.
status, err := container.Status()
// get current container's state information.
state, err := container.State()
```
#### Checkpoint & Restore
libcontainer now integrates [CRIU](http://criu.org/) for checkpointing and restoring containers.
This let's you save the state of a process running inside a container to disk, and then restore
that state into a new process, on the same machine or on another machine.
`criu` version 1.5.2 or higher is required to use checkpoint and restore.
If you don't already have `criu` installed, you can build it from source, following the
[online instructions](http://criu.org/Installation). `criu` is also installed in the docker image
generated when building libcontainer with docker.
## Copyright and license
Code and documentation copyright 2014 Docker, inc. Code released under the Apache 2.0 license.
Docs released under Creative commons.

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