ladybird/Userland/Libraries/LibWasm/Parser/Parser.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2021, Ali Mohammad Pur <mpfard@serenityos.org>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#include <AK/ConstrainedStream.h>
#include <AK/Debug.h>
#include <AK/Endian.h>
#include <AK/LEB128.h>
#include <AK/MemoryStream.h>
#include <AK/ScopeGuard.h>
#include <AK/ScopeLogger.h>
#include <AK/UFixedBigInt.h>
#include <LibWasm/Types.h>

namespace Wasm {

ParseError with_eof_check(Stream const& stream, ParseError error_if_not_eof)
{
    if (stream.is_eof())
        return ParseError::UnexpectedEof;
    return error_if_not_eof;
}

template<typename T>
static auto parse_vector(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger;
    if constexpr (requires { T::parse(stream); }) {
        using ResultT = typename decltype(T::parse(stream))::ValueType;
        auto count_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
        if (count_or_error.is_error())
            return ParseResult<Vector<ResultT>> { with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize) };
        size_t count = count_or_error.release_value();

        Vector<ResultT> entries;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
            auto result = T::parse(stream);
            if (result.is_error())
                return ParseResult<Vector<ResultT>> { result.error() };
            entries.append(result.release_value());
        }
        return ParseResult<Vector<ResultT>> { move(entries) };
    } else {
        auto count_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
        if (count_or_error.is_error())
            return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize) };
        size_t count = count_or_error.release_value();

        Vector<T> entries;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
            if constexpr (IsSame<T, size_t>) {
                auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (value_or_error.is_error())
                    return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize) };
                size_t value = value_or_error.release_value();
                entries.append(value);
            } else if constexpr (IsSame<T, ssize_t>) {
                auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<ssize_t>>();
                if (value_or_error.is_error())
                    return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize) };
                ssize_t value = value_or_error.release_value();
                entries.append(value);
            } else if constexpr (IsSame<T, u8>) {
                if (count > Constants::max_allowed_vector_size)
                    return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { ParseError::HugeAllocationRequested };
                entries.resize(count);
                if (stream.read_until_filled({ entries.data(), entries.size() }).is_error())
                    return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput) };
                break; // Note: We read this all in one go!
            }
        }
        return ParseResult<Vector<T>> { move(entries) };
    }
}

static ParseResult<ByteString> parse_name(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger;
    auto data = parse_vector<u8>(stream);
    if (data.is_error())
        return data.error();

    return ByteString::copy(data.value());
}

template<typename T>
struct ParseUntilAnyOfResult {
    u8 terminator { 0 };
    Vector<T> values;
};
template<typename T, u8... terminators, typename... Args>
static ParseResult<ParseUntilAnyOfResult<T>> parse_until_any_of(Stream& stream, Args&... args)
requires(requires(Stream& stream, Args... args) { T::parse(stream, args...); })
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger;
    ReconsumableStream new_stream { stream };

    ParseUntilAnyOfResult<T> result;
    for (;;) {
        auto byte_or_error = new_stream.read_value<u8>();
        if (byte_or_error.is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedValueOrTerminator);

        auto byte = byte_or_error.release_value();

        constexpr auto equals = [](auto&& a, auto&& b) { return a == b; };

        if ((... || equals(byte, terminators))) {
            result.terminator = byte;
            return result;
        }

        new_stream.unread({ &byte, 1 });
        auto parse_result = T::parse(new_stream, args...);
        if (parse_result.is_error())
            return parse_result.error();

        result.values.extend(parse_result.release_value());
    }
}

ParseResult<ValueType> ValueType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("ValueType"sv);
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    switch (tag) {
    case Constants::i32_tag:
        return ValueType(I32);
    case Constants::i64_tag:
        return ValueType(I64);
    case Constants::f32_tag:
        return ValueType(F32);
    case Constants::f64_tag:
        return ValueType(F64);
    case Constants::v128_tag:
        return ValueType(V128);
    case Constants::function_reference_tag:
        return ValueType(FunctionReference);
    case Constants::extern_reference_tag:
        return ValueType(ExternReference);
    default:
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);
    }
}

ParseResult<ResultType> ResultType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("ResultType"sv);
    auto types = parse_vector<ValueType>(stream);
    if (types.is_error())
        return types.error();
    return ResultType { types.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<FunctionType> FunctionType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("FunctionType"sv);
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    if (tag != Constants::function_signature_tag) {
        dbgln("Expected 0x60, but found {:#x}", tag);
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);
    }

    auto parameters_result = parse_vector<ValueType>(stream);
    if (parameters_result.is_error())
        return parameters_result.error();
    auto results_result = parse_vector<ValueType>(stream);
    if (results_result.is_error())
        return results_result.error();

    return FunctionType { parameters_result.release_value(), results_result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<Limits> Limits::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Limits"sv);
    auto flag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (flag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto flag = flag_or_error.release_value();

    if (flag > 1)
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);

    auto min_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
    if (min_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize);
    size_t min = min_or_error.release_value();

    Optional<u32> max;
    if (flag) {
        auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
        if (value_or_error.is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize);
        max = value_or_error.release_value();
    }

    return Limits { static_cast<u32>(min), move(max) };
}

ParseResult<MemoryType> MemoryType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("MemoryType"sv);
    auto limits_result = Limits::parse(stream);
    if (limits_result.is_error())
        return limits_result.error();
    return MemoryType { limits_result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<TableType> TableType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("TableType"sv);
    auto type_result = ValueType::parse(stream);
    if (type_result.is_error())
        return type_result.error();
    if (!type_result.value().is_reference())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidType);
    auto limits_result = Limits::parse(stream);
    if (limits_result.is_error())
        return limits_result.error();
    return TableType { type_result.release_value(), limits_result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<GlobalType> GlobalType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("GlobalType"sv);
    auto type_result = ValueType::parse(stream);
    if (type_result.is_error())
        return type_result.error();

    auto mutable_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (mutable_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto mutable_ = mutable_or_error.release_value();

    if (mutable_ > 1)
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);

    return GlobalType { type_result.release_value(), mutable_ == 0x01 };
}

ParseResult<BlockType> BlockType::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("BlockType"sv);
    auto kind_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (kind_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto kind = kind_or_error.release_value();
    if (kind == Constants::empty_block_tag)
        return BlockType {};

    {
        FixedMemoryStream value_stream { ReadonlyBytes { &kind, 1 } };
        if (auto value_type = ValueType::parse(value_stream); !value_type.is_error())
            return BlockType { value_type.release_value() };
    }

    ReconsumableStream new_stream { stream };
    new_stream.unread({ &kind, 1 });

    auto index_value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<ssize_t>>();
    if (index_value_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
    ssize_t index_value = index_value_or_error.release_value();

    if (index_value < 0) {
        dbgln("Invalid type index {}", index_value);
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidIndex);
    }

    return BlockType { TypeIndex(index_value) };
}

ParseResult<Vector<Instruction>> Instruction::parse(Stream& stream, InstructionPointer& ip)
{
    struct NestedInstructionState {
        Vector<Instruction> prior_instructions;
        OpCode opcode;
        BlockType block_type;
        InstructionPointer end_ip;
        Optional<InstructionPointer> else_ip;
    };
    Vector<NestedInstructionState, 4> nested_instructions;
    Vector<Instruction> resulting_instructions;

    do {
        ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Instruction"sv);
        auto byte_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
        if (byte_or_error.is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

        auto byte = byte_or_error.release_value();

        if (!nested_instructions.is_empty()) {
            auto& nested_structure = nested_instructions.last();
            if (byte == 0x0b) {
                // block/loop/if end
                nested_structure.end_ip = ip + (nested_structure.else_ip.has_value() ? 1 : 0);
                ++ip;

                // Transform op(..., instr*) -> op(...) instr* op(end(ip))
                auto instructions = move(nested_structure.prior_instructions);
                instructions.ensure_capacity(instructions.size() + 2 + resulting_instructions.size());
                instructions.append(Instruction { nested_structure.opcode, StructuredInstructionArgs { nested_structure.block_type, nested_structure.end_ip, nested_structure.else_ip } });
                instructions.extend(move(resulting_instructions));
                instructions.append(Instruction { Instructions::structured_end });
                resulting_instructions = move(instructions);
                nested_instructions.take_last();
                continue;
            }

            if (byte == 0x05) {
                // if...else

                // Transform op(..., instr*, instr*) -> op(...) instr* op(else(ip) instr* op(end(ip))
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { Instructions::structured_else });
                ++ip;
                nested_structure.else_ip = ip.value();
                continue;
            }
        }

        OpCode opcode { byte };
        ++ip;

        switch (opcode.value()) {
        case Instructions::block.value():
        case Instructions::loop.value():
        case Instructions::if_.value(): {
            auto block_type = BlockType::parse(stream);
            if (block_type.is_error())
                return block_type.error();

            nested_instructions.append({ move(resulting_instructions), opcode, block_type.release_value(), {}, {} });
            resulting_instructions = {};
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::br.value():
        case Instructions::br_if.value(): {
            // branches with a single label immediate
            auto index = GenericIndexParser<LabelIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (index.is_error())
                return index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::br_table.value(): {
            // br_table label* label
            auto labels = parse_vector<GenericIndexParser<LabelIndex>>(stream);
            if (labels.is_error())
                return labels.error();

            auto default_label = GenericIndexParser<LabelIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (default_label.is_error())
                return default_label.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, TableBranchArgs { labels.release_value(), default_label.release_value() } });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::call.value(): {
            // call function
            auto function_index = GenericIndexParser<FunctionIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (function_index.is_error())
                return function_index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, function_index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::call_indirect.value(): {
            // call_indirect type table
            auto type_index = GenericIndexParser<TypeIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (type_index.is_error())
                return type_index.error();

            auto table_index = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (table_index.is_error())
                return table_index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, IndirectCallArgs { type_index.release_value(), table_index.release_value() } });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::i32_load.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load.value():
        case Instructions::f32_load.value():
        case Instructions::f64_load.value():
        case Instructions::i32_load8_s.value():
        case Instructions::i32_load8_u.value():
        case Instructions::i32_load16_s.value():
        case Instructions::i32_load16_u.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load8_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load8_u.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load16_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load16_u.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load32_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_load32_u.value():
        case Instructions::i32_store.value():
        case Instructions::i64_store.value():
        case Instructions::f32_store.value():
        case Instructions::f64_store.value():
        case Instructions::i32_store8.value():
        case Instructions::i32_store16.value():
        case Instructions::i64_store8.value():
        case Instructions::i64_store16.value():
        case Instructions::i64_store32.value(): {
            // op (align [multi-memory: memindex] offset)
            auto align_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
            if (align_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
            size_t align = align_or_error.release_value();

            // Proposal "multi-memory", if bit 6 of alignment is set, then a memory index follows the alignment.
            size_t memory_index = 0;
            if ((align & 0x20) != 0) {
                align &= ~0x20;
                auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();
            }

            auto offset_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
            if (offset_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
            size_t offset = offset_or_error.release_value();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, MemoryArgument { static_cast<u32>(align), static_cast<u32>(offset), MemoryIndex(memory_index) } });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::local_get.value():
        case Instructions::local_set.value():
        case Instructions::local_tee.value(): {
            auto index = GenericIndexParser<LocalIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (index.is_error())
                return index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::global_get.value():
        case Instructions::global_set.value(): {
            auto index = GenericIndexParser<GlobalIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (index.is_error())
                return index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::memory_size.value():
        case Instructions::memory_grow.value(): {
            // op [multi-memory: memindex]|0x00

            auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
            if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

            auto memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, MemoryIndexArgument { MemoryIndex(memory_index) } });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::i32_const.value(): {
            auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<i32>>();
            if (value_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSignedImmediate);
            i32 value = value_or_error.release_value();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, value });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::i64_const.value(): {
            // op literal
            auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<i64>>();
            if (value_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSignedImmediate);
            i64 value = value_or_error.release_value();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, value });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::f32_const.value(): {
            // op literal
            auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LittleEndian<u32>>();
            if (value_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedFloatingImmediate);
            auto value = value_or_error.release_value();

            auto floating = bit_cast<float>(static_cast<u32>(value));
            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, floating });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::f64_const.value(): {
            // op literal
            auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LittleEndian<u64>>();
            if (value_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedFloatingImmediate);
            auto value = value_or_error.release_value();

            auto floating = bit_cast<double>(static_cast<u64>(value));
            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, floating });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::table_get.value():
        case Instructions::table_set.value(): {
            auto index = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (index.is_error())
                return index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::select_typed.value(): {
            auto types = parse_vector<ValueType>(stream);
            if (types.is_error())
                return types.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, types.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::ref_null.value(): {
            auto type = ValueType::parse(stream);
            if (type.is_error())
                return type.error();
            if (!type.value().is_reference())
                return ParseError::InvalidType;

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, type.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::ref_func.value(): {
            auto index = GenericIndexParser<FunctionIndex>::parse(stream);
            if (index.is_error())
                return index.error();

            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode, index.release_value() });
            break;
        }
        case Instructions::ref_is_null.value():
        case Instructions::unreachable.value():
        case Instructions::nop.value():
        case Instructions::return_.value():
        case Instructions::drop.value():
        case Instructions::select.value():
        case Instructions::i32_eqz.value():
        case Instructions::i32_eq.value():
        case Instructions::i32_ne.value():
        case Instructions::i32_lts.value():
        case Instructions::i32_ltu.value():
        case Instructions::i32_gts.value():
        case Instructions::i32_gtu.value():
        case Instructions::i32_les.value():
        case Instructions::i32_leu.value():
        case Instructions::i32_ges.value():
        case Instructions::i32_geu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_eqz.value():
        case Instructions::i64_eq.value():
        case Instructions::i64_ne.value():
        case Instructions::i64_lts.value():
        case Instructions::i64_ltu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_gts.value():
        case Instructions::i64_gtu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_les.value():
        case Instructions::i64_leu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_ges.value():
        case Instructions::i64_geu.value():
        case Instructions::f32_eq.value():
        case Instructions::f32_ne.value():
        case Instructions::f32_lt.value():
        case Instructions::f32_gt.value():
        case Instructions::f32_le.value():
        case Instructions::f32_ge.value():
        case Instructions::f64_eq.value():
        case Instructions::f64_ne.value():
        case Instructions::f64_lt.value():
        case Instructions::f64_gt.value():
        case Instructions::f64_le.value():
        case Instructions::f64_ge.value():
        case Instructions::i32_clz.value():
        case Instructions::i32_ctz.value():
        case Instructions::i32_popcnt.value():
        case Instructions::i32_add.value():
        case Instructions::i32_sub.value():
        case Instructions::i32_mul.value():
        case Instructions::i32_divs.value():
        case Instructions::i32_divu.value():
        case Instructions::i32_rems.value():
        case Instructions::i32_remu.value():
        case Instructions::i32_and.value():
        case Instructions::i32_or.value():
        case Instructions::i32_xor.value():
        case Instructions::i32_shl.value():
        case Instructions::i32_shrs.value():
        case Instructions::i32_shru.value():
        case Instructions::i32_rotl.value():
        case Instructions::i32_rotr.value():
        case Instructions::i64_clz.value():
        case Instructions::i64_ctz.value():
        case Instructions::i64_popcnt.value():
        case Instructions::i64_add.value():
        case Instructions::i64_sub.value():
        case Instructions::i64_mul.value():
        case Instructions::i64_divs.value():
        case Instructions::i64_divu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_rems.value():
        case Instructions::i64_remu.value():
        case Instructions::i64_and.value():
        case Instructions::i64_or.value():
        case Instructions::i64_xor.value():
        case Instructions::i64_shl.value():
        case Instructions::i64_shrs.value():
        case Instructions::i64_shru.value():
        case Instructions::i64_rotl.value():
        case Instructions::i64_rotr.value():
        case Instructions::f32_abs.value():
        case Instructions::f32_neg.value():
        case Instructions::f32_ceil.value():
        case Instructions::f32_floor.value():
        case Instructions::f32_trunc.value():
        case Instructions::f32_nearest.value():
        case Instructions::f32_sqrt.value():
        case Instructions::f32_add.value():
        case Instructions::f32_sub.value():
        case Instructions::f32_mul.value():
        case Instructions::f32_div.value():
        case Instructions::f32_min.value():
        case Instructions::f32_max.value():
        case Instructions::f32_copysign.value():
        case Instructions::f64_abs.value():
        case Instructions::f64_neg.value():
        case Instructions::f64_ceil.value():
        case Instructions::f64_floor.value():
        case Instructions::f64_trunc.value():
        case Instructions::f64_nearest.value():
        case Instructions::f64_sqrt.value():
        case Instructions::f64_add.value():
        case Instructions::f64_sub.value():
        case Instructions::f64_mul.value():
        case Instructions::f64_div.value():
        case Instructions::f64_min.value():
        case Instructions::f64_max.value():
        case Instructions::f64_copysign.value():
        case Instructions::i32_wrap_i64.value():
        case Instructions::i32_trunc_sf32.value():
        case Instructions::i32_trunc_uf32.value():
        case Instructions::i32_trunc_sf64.value():
        case Instructions::i32_trunc_uf64.value():
        case Instructions::i64_extend_si32.value():
        case Instructions::i64_extend_ui32.value():
        case Instructions::i64_trunc_sf32.value():
        case Instructions::i64_trunc_uf32.value():
        case Instructions::i64_trunc_sf64.value():
        case Instructions::i64_trunc_uf64.value():
        case Instructions::f32_convert_si32.value():
        case Instructions::f32_convert_ui32.value():
        case Instructions::f32_convert_si64.value():
        case Instructions::f32_convert_ui64.value():
        case Instructions::f32_demote_f64.value():
        case Instructions::f64_convert_si32.value():
        case Instructions::f64_convert_ui32.value():
        case Instructions::f64_convert_si64.value():
        case Instructions::f64_convert_ui64.value():
        case Instructions::f64_promote_f32.value():
        case Instructions::i32_reinterpret_f32.value():
        case Instructions::i64_reinterpret_f64.value():
        case Instructions::f32_reinterpret_i32.value():
        case Instructions::f64_reinterpret_i64.value():
        case Instructions::i32_extend8_s.value():
        case Instructions::i32_extend16_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_extend8_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_extend16_s.value():
        case Instructions::i64_extend32_s.value():
            resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { opcode });
            break;
        case 0xfc:
        case 0xfd: {
            // These are multibyte instructions.
            auto selector_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<u32>>();
            if (selector_or_error.is_error())
                return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
            u32 selector = selector_or_error.release_value();
            OpCode full_opcode = static_cast<u64>(opcode.value()) << 56 | selector;

            switch (full_opcode.value()) {
            case Instructions::i32_trunc_sat_f32_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32_trunc_sat_f32_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32_trunc_sat_f64_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32_trunc_sat_f64_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64_trunc_sat_f32_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64_trunc_sat_f32_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64_trunc_sat_f64_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64_trunc_sat_f64_u.value():
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode });
                break;
            case Instructions::memory_init.value(): {
                auto index = GenericIndexParser<DataIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (index.is_error())
                    return index.error();

                // Proposal "multi-memory", literal 0x00 is replaced with a memory index.
                auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);

                auto memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();

                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, MemoryInitArgs { index.release_value(), MemoryIndex(memory_index) } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::data_drop.value(): {
                auto index = GenericIndexParser<DataIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (index.is_error())
                    return index.error();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, index.release_value() });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::memory_copy.value(): {
                // Proposal "multi-memory", literal 0x00 is replaced with two memory indices, destination and source, respectively.
                MemoryIndex indices[] = { 0, 0 };

                for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
                    auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                    if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);

                    indices[i] = memory_index_or_error.release_value();
                }
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, MemoryCopyArgs { indices[1], indices[0] } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::memory_fill.value(): {
                // Proposal "multi-memory", literal 0x00 is replaced with a memory index.
                auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);

                auto memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, MemoryIndexArgument { MemoryIndex { memory_index } } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::table_init.value(): {
                auto element_index = GenericIndexParser<ElementIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (element_index.is_error())
                    return element_index.error();
                auto table_index = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (table_index.is_error())
                    return table_index.error();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, TableElementArgs { element_index.release_value(), table_index.release_value() } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::elem_drop.value(): {
                auto element_index = GenericIndexParser<ElementIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (element_index.is_error())
                    return element_index.error();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, element_index.release_value() });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::table_copy.value(): {
                auto lhs = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (lhs.is_error())
                    return lhs.error();
                auto rhs = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (rhs.is_error())
                    return rhs.error();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, TableTableArgs { lhs.release_value(), rhs.release_value() } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::table_grow.value():
            case Instructions::table_size.value():
            case Instructions::table_fill.value(): {
                auto index = GenericIndexParser<TableIndex>::parse(stream);
                if (index.is_error())
                    return index.error();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, index.release_value() });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::v128_load.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load8x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load8x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load16x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load16x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load32x2_s.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load32x2_u.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load8_splat.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load16_splat.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load32_splat.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load64_splat.value():
            case Instructions::v128_store.value(): {
                // op (align [multi-memory memindex] offset)
                auto align_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (align_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
                size_t align = align_or_error.release_value();

                // Proposal "multi-memory", if bit 6 of alignment is set, then a memory index follows the alignment.
                size_t memory_index = 0;
                if ((align & 0x20) != 0) {
                    align &= ~0x20;
                    auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                    if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                    memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();
                }

                auto offset_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (offset_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
                size_t offset = offset_or_error.release_value();

                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, MemoryArgument { static_cast<u32>(align), static_cast<u32>(offset), MemoryIndex(memory_index) } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::v128_load8_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load16_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load32_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load64_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_store8_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_store16_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_store32_lane.value():
            case Instructions::v128_store64_lane.value(): {
                // op (align [multi-memory: memindex] offset) (index)
                auto align_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (align_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
                size_t align = align_or_error.release_value();

                // Proposal "multi-memory", if bit 6 of alignment is set, then a memory index follows the alignment.
                size_t memory_index = 0;
                if ((align & 0x20) != 0) {
                    align &= ~0x20;
                    auto memory_index_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                    if (memory_index_or_error.is_error())
                        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                    memory_index = memory_index_or_error.release_value();
                }

                auto offset_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
                if (offset_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
                size_t offset = offset_or_error.release_value();

                auto index_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                if (index_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                auto index = index_or_error.release_value();

                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, MemoryAndLaneArgument { { static_cast<u32>(align), static_cast<u32>(offset), MemoryIndex(memory_index) }, index } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::v128_const.value(): {
                // op (literal:16)
                auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LittleEndian<u128>>();
                if (value_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidImmediate);
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, value_or_error.release_value() });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::i8x16_shuffle.value(): {
                // op 16x(lane)
                u8 lanes[16];
                for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
                    auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                    if (value_or_error.is_error())
                        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                    lanes[i] = value_or_error.release_value();
                }
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, ShuffleArgument(lanes) });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::i8x16_extract_lane_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_extract_lane_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_replace_lane.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extract_lane_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extract_lane_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_replace_lane.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extract_lane.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_replace_lane.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extract_lane.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_replace_lane.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_extract_lane.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_replace_lane.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_extract_lane.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_replace_lane.value(): {
                // op (lane)
                auto lane_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
                if (lane_or_error.is_error())
                    return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
                auto lane = lane_or_error.release_value();
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode, LaneIndex { lane } });
                break;
            }
            case Instructions::i8x16_swizzle.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_splat.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_splat.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_splat.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_splat.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_splat.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_splat.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_eq.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_ne.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_lt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_lt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_gt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_gt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_le_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_le_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_ge_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_ge_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_eq.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_ne.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_lt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_lt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_gt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_gt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_le_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_le_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_ge_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_ge_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_eq.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_ne.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_lt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_lt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_gt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_gt_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_le_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_le_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_ge_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_ge_u.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_eq.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_ne.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_lt.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_gt.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_le.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_ge.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_eq.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_ne.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_lt.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_gt.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_le.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_ge.value():
            case Instructions::v128_not.value():
            case Instructions::v128_and.value():
            case Instructions::v128_andnot.value():
            case Instructions::v128_or.value():
            case Instructions::v128_xor.value():
            case Instructions::v128_bitselect.value():
            case Instructions::v128_any_true.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load32_zero.value():
            case Instructions::v128_load64_zero.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_demote_f64x2_zero.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_promote_low_f32x4.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_abs.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_neg.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_popcnt.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_all_true.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_bitmask.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_narrow_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_narrow_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_ceil.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_floor.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_trunc.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_nearest.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_shl.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_shr_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_shr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_add.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_add_sat_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_add_sat_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_sub.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_sub_sat_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_sub_sat_u.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_ceil.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_floor.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_min_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_min_u.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_max_s.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_max_u.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_trunc.value():
            case Instructions::i8x16_avgr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extadd_pairwise_i8x16_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extadd_pairwise_i8x16_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extadd_pairwise_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extadd_pairwise_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_abs.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_neg.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_q15mulr_sat_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_all_true.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_bitmask.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_narrow_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_narrow_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extend_low_i8x16_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extend_high_i8x16_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extend_low_i8x16_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extend_high_i8x16_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_shl.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_shr_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_shr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_add.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_add_sat_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_add_sat_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_sub.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_sub_sat_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_sub_sat_u.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_nearest.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_mul.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_min_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_min_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_max_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_max_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_avgr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extmul_low_i8x16_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extmul_high_i8x16_s.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extmul_low_i8x16_u.value():
            case Instructions::i16x8_extmul_high_i8x16_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_abs.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_neg.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_all_true.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_bitmask.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extend_low_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extend_high_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extend_low_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extend_high_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_shl.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_shr_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_shr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_add.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_sub.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_mul.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_min_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_min_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_max_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_max_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_dot_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extmul_low_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extmul_high_i16x8_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extmul_low_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_extmul_high_i16x8_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_abs.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_neg.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_all_true.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_bitmask.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extend_low_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extend_high_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extend_low_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extend_high_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_shl.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_shr_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_shr_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_add.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_sub.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_mul.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_eq.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_ne.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_lt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_gt_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_le_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_ge_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extmul_low_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extmul_high_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extmul_low_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::i64x2_extmul_high_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_abs.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_neg.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_sqrt.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_add.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_sub.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_mul.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_div.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_min.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_max.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_pmin.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_pmax.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_abs.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_neg.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_sqrt.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_add.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_sub.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_mul.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_div.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_min.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_max.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_pmin.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_pmax.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_trunc_sat_f32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_trunc_sat_f32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_convert_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::f32x4_convert_i32x4_u.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_trunc_sat_f64x2_s_zero.value():
            case Instructions::i32x4_trunc_sat_f64x2_u_zero.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_convert_low_i32x4_s.value():
            case Instructions::f64x2_convert_low_i32x4_u.value():
                // op
                resulting_instructions.append(Instruction { full_opcode });
                break;
            default:
                return ParseError::UnknownInstruction;
            }
        }
        }
    } while (!nested_instructions.is_empty());

    return resulting_instructions;
}

ParseResult<CustomSection> CustomSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("CustomSection"sv);
    auto name = parse_name(stream);
    if (name.is_error())
        return name.error();

    ByteBuffer data_buffer;
    if (data_buffer.try_resize(64).is_error())
        return ParseError::OutOfMemory;

    while (!stream.is_eof()) {
        char buf[16];
        auto span_or_error = stream.read_some({ buf, 16 });
        if (span_or_error.is_error())
            break;
        auto size = span_or_error.release_value().size();
        if (size == 0)
            break;
        if (data_buffer.try_append(buf, size).is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::HugeAllocationRequested);
    }

    return CustomSection(name.release_value(), move(data_buffer));
}

ParseResult<TypeSection> TypeSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("TypeSection"sv);
    auto types = parse_vector<FunctionType>(stream);
    if (types.is_error())
        return types.error();
    return TypeSection { types.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<ImportSection::Import> ImportSection::Import::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Import"sv);
    auto module = parse_name(stream);
    if (module.is_error())
        return module.error();
    auto name = parse_name(stream);
    if (name.is_error())
        return name.error();
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    switch (tag) {
    case Constants::extern_function_tag: {
        auto index = GenericIndexParser<TypeIndex>::parse(stream);
        if (index.is_error())
            return index.error();
        return Import { module.release_value(), name.release_value(), index.release_value() };
    }
    case Constants::extern_table_tag:
        return parse_with_type<TableType>(stream, module, name);
    case Constants::extern_memory_tag:
        return parse_with_type<MemoryType>(stream, module, name);
    case Constants::extern_global_tag:
        return parse_with_type<GlobalType>(stream, module, name);
    default:
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);
    }
}

ParseResult<ImportSection> ImportSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("ImportSection"sv);
    auto imports = parse_vector<Import>(stream);
    if (imports.is_error())
        return imports.error();
    return ImportSection { imports.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<FunctionSection> FunctionSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("FunctionSection"sv);
    auto indices = parse_vector<size_t>(stream);
    if (indices.is_error())
        return indices.error();

    Vector<TypeIndex> typed_indices;
    typed_indices.ensure_capacity(indices.value().size());
    for (auto entry : indices.value())
        typed_indices.append(entry);

    return FunctionSection { move(typed_indices) };
}

ParseResult<TableSection::Table> TableSection::Table::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Table"sv);
    auto type = TableType::parse(stream);
    if (type.is_error())
        return type.error();
    return Table { type.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<TableSection> TableSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("TableSection"sv);
    auto tables = parse_vector<Table>(stream);
    if (tables.is_error())
        return tables.error();
    return TableSection { tables.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<MemorySection::Memory> MemorySection::Memory::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Memory"sv);
    auto type = MemoryType::parse(stream);
    if (type.is_error())
        return type.error();
    return Memory { type.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<MemorySection> MemorySection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("MemorySection"sv);
    auto memories = parse_vector<Memory>(stream);
    if (memories.is_error())
        return memories.error();
    return MemorySection { memories.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<Expression> Expression::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Expression"sv);
    InstructionPointer ip { 0 };
    auto instructions = parse_until_any_of<Instruction, 0x0b>(stream, ip);
    if (instructions.is_error())
        return instructions.error();

    return Expression { move(instructions.value().values) };
}

ParseResult<GlobalSection::Global> GlobalSection::Global::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Global"sv);
    auto type = GlobalType::parse(stream);
    if (type.is_error())
        return type.error();
    auto exprs = Expression::parse(stream);
    if (exprs.is_error())
        return exprs.error();
    return Global { type.release_value(), exprs.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<GlobalSection> GlobalSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("GlobalSection"sv);
    auto result = parse_vector<Global>(stream);
    if (result.is_error())
        return result.error();
    return GlobalSection { result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<ExportSection::Export> ExportSection::Export::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Export"sv);
    auto name = parse_name(stream);
    if (name.is_error())
        return name.error();
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    auto index_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
    if (index_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);
    size_t index = index_or_error.release_value();

    switch (tag) {
    case Constants::extern_function_tag:
        return Export { name.release_value(), ExportDesc { FunctionIndex { index } } };
    case Constants::extern_table_tag:
        return Export { name.release_value(), ExportDesc { TableIndex { index } } };
    case Constants::extern_memory_tag:
        return Export { name.release_value(), ExportDesc { MemoryIndex { index } } };
    case Constants::extern_global_tag:
        return Export { name.release_value(), ExportDesc { GlobalIndex { index } } };
    default:
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);
    }
}

ParseResult<ExportSection> ExportSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("ExportSection"sv);
    auto result = parse_vector<Export>(stream);
    if (result.is_error())
        return result.error();
    return ExportSection { result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<StartSection::StartFunction> StartSection::StartFunction::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("StartFunction"sv);
    auto index = GenericIndexParser<FunctionIndex>::parse(stream);
    if (index.is_error())
        return index.error();
    return StartFunction { index.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<StartSection> StartSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("StartSection"sv);
    auto result = StartFunction::parse(stream);
    if (result.is_error())
        return result.error();
    return StartSection { result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType0> ElementSection::SegmentType0::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    auto expression = Expression::parse(stream);
    if (expression.is_error())
        return expression.error();
    auto indices = parse_vector<GenericIndexParser<FunctionIndex>>(stream);
    if (indices.is_error())
        return indices.error();

    return SegmentType0 { indices.release_value(), Active { 0, expression.release_value() } };
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType1> ElementSection::SegmentType1::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    auto kind_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (kind_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto kind = kind_or_error.release_value();
    if (kind != 0)
        return ParseError::InvalidTag;
    auto indices = parse_vector<GenericIndexParser<FunctionIndex>>(stream);
    if (indices.is_error())
        return indices.error();

    return SegmentType1 { indices.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType2> ElementSection::SegmentType2::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    dbgln("Type 2");
    (void)stream;
    return ParseError::NotImplemented;
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType3> ElementSection::SegmentType3::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    dbgln("Type 3");
    (void)stream;
    return ParseError::NotImplemented;
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType4> ElementSection::SegmentType4::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    auto expression = Expression::parse(stream);
    if (expression.is_error())
        return expression.error();
    auto initializers = parse_vector<Expression>(stream);
    if (initializers.is_error())
        return initializers.error();

    return SegmentType4 {
        .mode = Active {
            .index = 0,
            .expression = expression.release_value(),
        },
        .initializer = initializers.release_value(),
    };
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType5> ElementSection::SegmentType5::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    dbgln("Type 5");
    (void)stream;
    return ParseError::NotImplemented;
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType6> ElementSection::SegmentType6::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    dbgln("Type 6");
    (void)stream;
    return ParseError::NotImplemented;
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::SegmentType7> ElementSection::SegmentType7::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    dbgln("Type 7");
    (void)stream;
    return ParseError::NotImplemented;
}

ParseResult<ElementSection::Element> ElementSection::Element::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Element"sv);
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    switch (tag) {
    case 0x00:
        if (auto result = SegmentType0::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            Vector<Instruction> instructions;
            for (auto& index : result.value().function_indices)
                instructions.empend(Instructions::ref_func, index);
            return Element { ValueType(ValueType::FunctionReference), { Expression { move(instructions) } }, move(result.value().mode) };
        }
    case 0x01:
        if (auto result = SegmentType1::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            Vector<Instruction> instructions;
            for (auto& index : result.value().function_indices)
                instructions.empend(Instructions::ref_func, index);
            return Element { ValueType(ValueType::FunctionReference), { Expression { move(instructions) } }, Passive {} };
        }
    case 0x02:
        if (auto result = SegmentType2::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return ParseError::NotImplemented;
        }
    case 0x03:
        if (auto result = SegmentType3::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return ParseError::NotImplemented;
        }
    case 0x04:
        if (auto result = SegmentType4::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return Element { ValueType(ValueType::FunctionReference), move(result.value().initializer), move(result.value().mode) };
        }
    case 0x05:
        if (auto result = SegmentType5::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return ParseError::NotImplemented;
        }
    case 0x06:
        if (auto result = SegmentType6::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return ParseError::NotImplemented;
        }
    case 0x07:
        if (auto result = SegmentType7::parse(stream); result.is_error()) {
            return result.error();
        } else {
            return ParseError::NotImplemented;
        }
    default:
        return ParseError::InvalidTag;
    }
}

ParseResult<ElementSection> ElementSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("ElementSection"sv);
    auto result = parse_vector<Element>(stream);
    if (result.is_error())
        return result.error();
    return ElementSection { result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<Locals> Locals::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Locals"sv);
    auto count_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
    if (count_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidSize);
    size_t count = count_or_error.release_value();

    if (count > Constants::max_allowed_function_locals_per_type)
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::HugeAllocationRequested);

    auto type = ValueType::parse(stream);
    if (type.is_error())
        return type.error();

    return Locals { static_cast<u32>(count), type.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<CodeSection::Func> CodeSection::Func::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Func"sv);
    auto locals = parse_vector<Locals>(stream);
    if (locals.is_error())
        return locals.error();
    auto body = Expression::parse(stream);
    if (body.is_error())
        return body.error();
    return Func { locals.release_value(), body.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<CodeSection::Code> CodeSection::Code::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Code"sv);
    auto size_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
    if (size_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidSize);
    size_t size = size_or_error.release_value();

    auto constrained_stream = ConstrainedStream { MaybeOwned<Stream>(stream), size };

    auto func = Func::parse(constrained_stream);
    if (func.is_error())
        return func.error();

    return Code { static_cast<u32>(size), func.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<CodeSection> CodeSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("CodeSection"sv);
    auto result = parse_vector<Code>(stream);
    if (result.is_error())
        return result.error();
    return CodeSection { result.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<DataSection::Data> DataSection::Data::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Data"sv);
    auto tag_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
    if (tag_or_error.is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedKindTag);

    auto tag = tag_or_error.release_value();

    if (tag > 0x02)
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidTag);

    if (tag == 0x00) {
        auto expr = Expression::parse(stream);
        if (expr.is_error())
            return expr.error();
        auto init = parse_vector<u8>(stream);
        if (init.is_error())
            return init.error();
        return Data { Active { init.release_value(), { 0 }, expr.release_value() } };
    }
    if (tag == 0x01) {
        auto init = parse_vector<u8>(stream);
        if (init.is_error())
            return init.error();
        return Data { Passive { init.release_value() } };
    }
    if (tag == 0x02) {
        auto index = GenericIndexParser<MemoryIndex>::parse(stream);
        if (index.is_error())
            return index.error();
        auto expr = Expression::parse(stream);
        if (expr.is_error())
            return expr.error();
        auto init = parse_vector<u8>(stream);
        if (init.is_error())
            return init.error();
        return Data { Active { init.release_value(), index.release_value(), expr.release_value() } };
    }
    VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
}

ParseResult<DataSection> DataSection::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("DataSection"sv);
    auto data = parse_vector<Data>(stream);
    if (data.is_error())
        return data.error();

    return DataSection { data.release_value() };
}

ParseResult<DataCountSection> DataCountSection::parse([[maybe_unused]] Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("DataCountSection"sv);
    auto value_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<u32>>();
    if (value_or_error.is_error()) {
        if (stream.is_eof()) {
            // The section simply didn't contain anything.
            return DataCountSection { {} };
        }
        return ParseError::ExpectedSize;
    }
    u32 value = value_or_error.release_value();

    return DataCountSection { value };
}

ParseResult<Module> Module::parse(Stream& stream)
{
    ScopeLogger<WASM_BINPARSER_DEBUG> logger("Module"sv);
    u8 buf[4];
    if (stream.read_until_filled({ buf, 4 }).is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
    if (Bytes { buf, 4 } != wasm_magic.span())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidModuleMagic);

    if (stream.read_until_filled({ buf, 4 }).is_error())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidInput);
    if (Bytes { buf, 4 } != wasm_version.span())
        return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidModuleVersion);

    Vector<AnySection> sections;
    for (;;) {
        auto section_id_or_error = stream.read_value<u8>();
        if (stream.is_eof())
            break;
        if (section_id_or_error.is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedIndex);

        auto section_id = section_id_or_error.release_value();

        auto section_size_or_error = stream.read_value<LEB128<size_t>>();
        if (section_size_or_error.is_error())
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::ExpectedSize);
        size_t section_size = section_size_or_error.release_value();

        auto section_stream = ConstrainedStream { MaybeOwned<Stream>(stream), section_size };

        switch (section_id) {
        case CustomSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(CustomSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case TypeSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(TypeSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case ImportSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(ImportSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case FunctionSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(FunctionSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case TableSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(TableSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case MemorySection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(MemorySection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case GlobalSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(GlobalSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case ExportSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(ExportSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case StartSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(StartSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case ElementSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(ElementSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case CodeSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(CodeSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case DataSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(DataSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        case DataCountSection::section_id:
            sections.append(TRY(DataCountSection::parse(section_stream)));
            continue;
        default:
            return with_eof_check(stream, ParseError::InvalidIndex);
        }
    }

    return Module { move(sections) };
}

bool Module::populate_sections()
{
    auto is_ok = true;
    FunctionSection const* function_section { nullptr };
    for_each_section_of_type<FunctionSection>([&](FunctionSection const& section) { function_section = &section; });
    for_each_section_of_type<CodeSection>([&](CodeSection const& section) {
        if (!function_section) {
            is_ok = false;
            return;
        }
        size_t index = 0;
        for (auto& entry : section.functions()) {
            if (function_section->types().size() <= index) {
                is_ok = false;
                return;
            }
            auto& type_index = function_section->types()[index];
            Vector<ValueType> locals;
            for (auto& local : entry.func().locals()) {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < local.n(); ++i)
                    locals.append(local.type());
            }
            m_functions.empend(type_index, move(locals), entry.func().body());
            ++index;
        }
    });
    return is_ok;
}

ByteString parse_error_to_byte_string(ParseError error)
{
    switch (error) {
    case ParseError::UnexpectedEof:
        return "Unexpected end-of-file";
    case ParseError::ExpectedIndex:
        return "Expected a valid index value";
    case ParseError::ExpectedKindTag:
        return "Expected a valid kind tag";
    case ParseError::ExpectedSize:
        return "Expected a valid LEB128-encoded size";
    case ParseError::ExpectedValueOrTerminator:
        return "Expected either a terminator or a value";
    case ParseError::InvalidIndex:
        return "An index parsed was semantically invalid";
    case ParseError::InvalidInput:
        return "Input data contained invalid bytes";
    case ParseError::InvalidModuleMagic:
        return "Incorrect module magic (did not match \\0asm)";
    case ParseError::InvalidModuleVersion:
        return "Incorrect module version";
    case ParseError::InvalidSize:
        return "A parsed size did not make sense in context";
    case ParseError::InvalidTag:
        return "A parsed tag did not make sense in context";
    case ParseError::InvalidType:
        return "A parsed type did not make sense in context";
    case ParseError::NotImplemented:
        return "The parser encountered an unimplemented feature";
    case ParseError::HugeAllocationRequested:
        return "Parsing caused an attempt to allocate a very big chunk of memory, likely malformed data";
    case ParseError::OutOfMemory:
        return "The parser hit an OOM condition";
    case ParseError::ExpectedFloatingImmediate:
        return "Expected a floating point immediate";
    case ParseError::ExpectedSignedImmediate:
        return "Expected a signed integer immediate";
    case ParseError::InvalidImmediate:
        return "A parsed instruction immediate was invalid for the instruction it was used for";
    case ParseError::UnknownInstruction:
        return "A parsed instruction was not known to this parser";
    }
    return "Unknown error";
}
}