ladybird/Userland/DevTools/UserspaceEmulator/MallocTracer.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020, Andreas Kling <kling@serenityos.org>
 * Copyright (c) 2021, Tobias Christiansen <tobi@tobyase.de>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#include "MallocTracer.h"
#include "Emulator.h"
#include "MmapRegion.h"
#include <AK/Debug.h>
#include <AK/TemporaryChange.h>
#include <mallocdefs.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

namespace UserspaceEmulator {

MallocTracer::MallocTracer(Emulator& emulator)
    : m_emulator(emulator)
{
}

template<typename Callback>
inline void MallocTracer::for_each_mallocation(Callback callback) const
{
    m_emulator.mmu().for_each_region([&](auto& region) {
        if (is<MmapRegion>(region) && static_cast<const MmapRegion&>(region).is_malloc_block()) {
            auto* malloc_data = static_cast<MmapRegion&>(region).malloc_metadata();
            for (auto& mallocation : malloc_data->mallocations) {
                if (mallocation.used && callback(mallocation) == IterationDecision::Break)
                    return IterationDecision::Break;
            }
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
}

void MallocTracer::update_metadata(MmapRegion& mmap_region, size_t chunk_size)
{
    mmap_region.set_malloc_metadata({},
        adopt_own(*new MallocRegionMetadata {
            .region = mmap_region,
            .address = mmap_region.base(),
            .chunk_size = chunk_size,
            .mallocations = {},
        }));
    auto& malloc_data = *mmap_region.malloc_metadata();

    bool is_chunked_block = malloc_data.chunk_size <= size_classes[num_size_classes - 1];
    if (is_chunked_block)
        malloc_data.mallocations.resize((ChunkedBlock::block_size - sizeof(ChunkedBlock)) / malloc_data.chunk_size);
    else
        malloc_data.mallocations.resize(1);

    // Mark the containing mmap region as a malloc block!
    mmap_region.set_malloc(true);
}

void MallocTracer::target_did_malloc(Badge<Emulator>, FlatPtr address, size_t size)
{
    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code())
        return;
    auto* region = m_emulator.mmu().find_region({ 0x23, address });
    VERIFY(region);
    VERIFY(is<MmapRegion>(*region));
    auto& mmap_region = static_cast<MmapRegion&>(*region);

    auto* shadow_bits = mmap_region.shadow_data() + address - mmap_region.base();
    memset(shadow_bits, 0, size);

    if (auto* existing_mallocation = find_mallocation(address)) {
        VERIFY(existing_mallocation->freed);
        existing_mallocation->size = size;
        existing_mallocation->freed = false;
        existing_mallocation->malloc_backtrace = m_emulator.raw_backtrace();
        existing_mallocation->free_backtrace.clear();
        return;
    }

    if (!mmap_region.is_malloc_block()) {
        auto chunk_size = mmap_region.read32(offsetof(CommonHeader, m_size)).value();
        update_metadata(mmap_region, chunk_size);
    }
    auto* mallocation = mmap_region.malloc_metadata()->mallocation_for_address(address);
    VERIFY(mallocation);
    *mallocation = { address, size, true, false, m_emulator.raw_backtrace(), Vector<FlatPtr>() };
}

void MallocTracer::target_did_change_chunk_size(Badge<Emulator>, FlatPtr block, size_t chunk_size)
{
    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code())
        return;
    auto* region = m_emulator.mmu().find_region({ 0x23, block });
    VERIFY(region);
    VERIFY(is<MmapRegion>(*region));
    auto& mmap_region = static_cast<MmapRegion&>(*region);
    update_metadata(mmap_region, chunk_size);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE Mallocation* MallocRegionMetadata::mallocation_for_address(FlatPtr address) const
{
    auto index = chunk_index_for_address(address);
    if (!index.has_value())
        return nullptr;
    return &const_cast<Mallocation&>(this->mallocations[index.value()]);
}

ALWAYS_INLINE Optional<size_t> MallocRegionMetadata::chunk_index_for_address(FlatPtr address) const
{
    bool is_chunked_block = chunk_size <= size_classes[num_size_classes - 1];
    if (!is_chunked_block) {
        // This is a BigAllocationBlock
        return 0;
    }
    auto offset_into_block = address - this->address;
    if (offset_into_block < sizeof(ChunkedBlock))
        return 0;
    auto chunk_offset = offset_into_block - sizeof(ChunkedBlock);
    auto chunk_index = chunk_offset / this->chunk_size;
    if (chunk_index >= mallocations.size())
        return {};
    return chunk_index;
}

void MallocTracer::target_did_free(Badge<Emulator>, FlatPtr address)
{
    if (!address)
        return;
    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code())
        return;

    if (auto* mallocation = find_mallocation(address)) {
        if (mallocation->freed) {
            reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mDouble free()\033[0m, {:p}", getpid(), address);
            reportln("=={}==  Address {} has already been passed to free()", getpid(), address);
            m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
        } else {
            mallocation->freed = true;
            mallocation->free_backtrace = m_emulator.raw_backtrace();
        }
        return;
    }

    reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mInvalid free()\033[0m, {:p}", getpid(), address);
    reportln("=={}==  Address {} has never been returned by malloc()", getpid(), address);
    m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
}

void MallocTracer::target_did_realloc(Badge<Emulator>, FlatPtr address, size_t size)
{
    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code())
        return;
    auto* region = m_emulator.mmu().find_region({ 0x23, address });
    VERIFY(region);
    VERIFY(is<MmapRegion>(*region));
    auto& mmap_region = static_cast<MmapRegion&>(*region);

    VERIFY(mmap_region.is_malloc_block());

    auto* existing_mallocation = find_mallocation(address);
    VERIFY(existing_mallocation);
    VERIFY(!existing_mallocation->freed);

    size_t old_size = existing_mallocation->size;

    auto* shadow_bits = mmap_region.shadow_data() + address - mmap_region.base();

    if (size > old_size) {
        memset(shadow_bits + old_size, 1, size - old_size);
    } else {
        memset(shadow_bits + size, 1, old_size - size);
    }

    existing_mallocation->size = size;
    // FIXME: Should we track malloc/realloc backtrace separately perhaps?
    existing_mallocation->malloc_backtrace = m_emulator.raw_backtrace();
}

Mallocation* MallocTracer::find_mallocation(FlatPtr address)
{
    auto* region = m_emulator.mmu().find_region({ 0x23, address });
    if (!region)
        return nullptr;
    return find_mallocation(*region, address);
}

Mallocation* MallocTracer::find_mallocation_before(FlatPtr address)
{
    Mallocation* found_mallocation = nullptr;
    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
        if (mallocation.address >= address)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        if (!found_mallocation || (mallocation.address > found_mallocation->address))
            found_mallocation = const_cast<Mallocation*>(&mallocation);
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
    return found_mallocation;
}

Mallocation* MallocTracer::find_mallocation_after(FlatPtr address)
{
    Mallocation* found_mallocation = nullptr;
    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
        if (mallocation.address <= address)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        if (!found_mallocation || (mallocation.address < found_mallocation->address))
            found_mallocation = const_cast<Mallocation*>(&mallocation);
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });
    return found_mallocation;
}

void MallocTracer::audit_read(const Region& region, FlatPtr address, size_t size)
{
    if (!m_auditing_enabled)
        return;

    if (m_emulator.is_in_malloc_or_free() || m_emulator.is_in_libsystem()) {
        return;
    }

    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code()) {
        return;
    }

    auto* mallocation = find_mallocation(region, address);

    if (!mallocation) {
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mHeap buffer overflow\033[0m, invalid {}-byte read at address {:p}", getpid(), size, address);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
        auto* mallocation_before = find_mallocation_before(address);
        auto* mallocation_after = find_mallocation_after(address);
        size_t distance_to_mallocation_before = mallocation_before ? (address - mallocation_before->address - mallocation_before->size) : 0;
        size_t distance_to_mallocation_after = mallocation_after ? (mallocation_after->address - address) : 0;
        if (mallocation_before && (!mallocation_after || distance_to_mallocation_before < distance_to_mallocation_after)) {
            reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) after block of size {}, identity {:p}, allocated at:", getpid(), distance_to_mallocation_before, mallocation_before->size, mallocation_before->address);
            m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation_before->malloc_backtrace);
            return;
        }
        if (mallocation_after && (!mallocation_before || distance_to_mallocation_after < distance_to_mallocation_before)) {
            reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) before block of size {}, identity {:p}, allocated at:", getpid(), distance_to_mallocation_after, mallocation_after->size, mallocation_after->address);
            m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation_after->malloc_backtrace);
        }
        return;
    }

    size_t offset_into_mallocation = address - mallocation->address;

    if (mallocation->freed) {
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mUse-after-free\033[0m, invalid {}-byte read at address {:p}", getpid(), size, address);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
        reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) into block of size {}, allocated at:", getpid(), offset_into_mallocation, mallocation->size);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation->malloc_backtrace);
        reportln("=={}==  Later freed at:", getpid());
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation->free_backtrace);
        return;
    }
}

void MallocTracer::audit_write(const Region& region, FlatPtr address, size_t size)
{
    if (!m_auditing_enabled)
        return;

    if (m_emulator.is_in_malloc_or_free())
        return;

    if (m_emulator.is_in_loader_code()) {
        return;
    }

    auto* mallocation = find_mallocation(region, address);
    if (!mallocation) {
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mHeap buffer overflow\033[0m, invalid {}-byte write at address {:p}", getpid(), size, address);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
        auto* mallocation_before = find_mallocation_before(address);
        auto* mallocation_after = find_mallocation_after(address);
        size_t distance_to_mallocation_before = mallocation_before ? (address - mallocation_before->address - mallocation_before->size) : 0;
        size_t distance_to_mallocation_after = mallocation_after ? (mallocation_after->address - address) : 0;
        if (mallocation_before && (!mallocation_after || distance_to_mallocation_before < distance_to_mallocation_after)) {
            reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) after block of size {}, identity {:p}, allocated at:", getpid(), distance_to_mallocation_before, mallocation_before->size, mallocation_before->address);
            m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation_before->malloc_backtrace);
            return;
        }
        if (mallocation_after && (!mallocation_before || distance_to_mallocation_after < distance_to_mallocation_before)) {
            reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) before block of size {}, identity {:p}, allocated at:", getpid(), distance_to_mallocation_after, mallocation_after->size, mallocation_after->address);
            m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation_after->malloc_backtrace);
        }
        return;
    }

    size_t offset_into_mallocation = address - mallocation->address;

    if (mallocation->freed) {
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mUse-after-free\033[0m, invalid {}-byte write at address {:p}", getpid(), size, address);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace();
        reportln("=={}==  Address is {} byte(s) into block of size {}, allocated at:", getpid(), offset_into_mallocation, mallocation->size);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation->malloc_backtrace);
        reportln("=={}==  Later freed at:", getpid());
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation->free_backtrace);
        return;
    }
}

void MallocTracer::populate_memory_graph()
{
    // Create Node for each live Mallocation
    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
        if (mallocation.freed)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        m_memory_graph.set(mallocation.address, {});
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });

    // Find pointers from each memory region to another
    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
        if (mallocation.freed)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;

        size_t pointers_in_mallocation = mallocation.size / sizeof(u32);

        auto& edges_from_mallocation = m_memory_graph.find(mallocation.address)->value;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < pointers_in_mallocation; ++i) {
            auto value = m_emulator.mmu().read32({ 0x23, mallocation.address + i * sizeof(u32) });
            auto other_address = value.value();
            if (!value.is_uninitialized() && m_memory_graph.contains(value.value())) {
                if constexpr (REACHABLE_DEBUG)
                    reportln("region/mallocation {:p} is reachable from other mallocation {:p}", other_address, mallocation.address);
                edges_from_mallocation.edges_from_node.append(other_address);
            }
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });

    // Find mallocations that are pointed to by other regions
    Vector<FlatPtr> reachable_mallocations = {};
    m_emulator.mmu().for_each_region([&](auto& region) {
        // Skip the stack
        if (region.is_stack())
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        if (region.is_text())
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        if (!region.is_readable())
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        // Skip malloc blocks
        if (is<MmapRegion>(region) && static_cast<const MmapRegion&>(region).is_malloc_block())
            return IterationDecision::Continue;

        size_t pointers_in_region = region.size() / sizeof(u32);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < pointers_in_region; ++i) {
            auto value = region.read32(i * sizeof(u32));
            auto other_address = value.value();
            if (!value.is_uninitialized() && m_memory_graph.contains(value.value())) {
                if constexpr (REACHABLE_DEBUG)
                    reportln("region/mallocation {:p} is reachable from region {:p}-{:p}", other_address, region.base(), region.end() - 1);
                m_memory_graph.find(other_address)->value.is_reachable = true;
                reachable_mallocations.append(other_address);
            }
        }
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });

    // Propagate reachability
    // There are probably better ways to do that
    Vector<FlatPtr> visited = {};
    for (size_t i = 0; i < reachable_mallocations.size(); ++i) {
        auto reachable = reachable_mallocations.at(i);
        if (visited.contains_slow(reachable))
            continue;
        visited.append(reachable);
        auto& mallocation_node = m_memory_graph.find(reachable)->value;

        if (!mallocation_node.is_reachable)
            mallocation_node.is_reachable = true;

        for (auto& edge : mallocation_node.edges_from_node) {
            reachable_mallocations.append(edge);
        }
    }
}

void MallocTracer::dump_memory_graph()
{
    for (auto& key : m_memory_graph.keys()) {
        auto value = m_memory_graph.find(key)->value;
        dbgln("Block {:p} [{}reachable] ({} edges)", key, !value.is_reachable ? "not " : "", value.edges_from_node.size());
        for (auto& edge : value.edges_from_node) {
            dbgln("  -> {:p}", edge);
        }
    }
}

void MallocTracer::dump_leak_report()
{
    TemporaryChange change(m_auditing_enabled, false);

    size_t bytes_leaked = 0;
    size_t leaks_found = 0;

    populate_memory_graph();

    if constexpr (REACHABLE_DEBUG)
        dump_memory_graph();

    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
        if (mallocation.freed)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;

        auto& value = m_memory_graph.find(mallocation.address)->value;

        if (value.is_reachable)
            return IterationDecision::Continue;
        ++leaks_found;
        bytes_leaked += mallocation.size;
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1mLeak\033[0m, {}-byte allocation at address {:p}", getpid(), mallocation.size, mallocation.address);
        m_emulator.dump_backtrace(mallocation.malloc_backtrace);
        return IterationDecision::Continue;
    });

    if (!leaks_found)
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[32;1mNo leaks found!\033[0m", getpid());
    else
        reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1m{} leak(s) found: {} byte(s) leaked\033[0m", getpid(), leaks_found, bytes_leaked);
}
}