ladybird/Userland/Libraries/LibWeb/Crypto/CryptoAlgorithms.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2024, Andrew Kaster <akaster@serenityos.org>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
 */

#include <AK/Base64.h>
#include <AK/QuickSort.h>
#include <LibCrypto/ASN1/DER.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Authentication/HMAC.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Cipher/AES.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Curves/Ed25519.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Curves/SECPxxxr1.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/HKDF.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/HashManager.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/MGF.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/PBKDF2.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/SHA1.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Hash/SHA2.h>
#include <LibCrypto/PK/RSA.h>
#include <LibCrypto/Padding/OAEP.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/ArrayBuffer.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/DataView.h>
#include <LibJS/Runtime/TypedArray.h>
#include <LibTLS/Certificate.h>
#include <LibWeb/Crypto/CryptoAlgorithms.h>
#include <LibWeb/Crypto/KeyAlgorithms.h>
#include <LibWeb/Crypto/SubtleCrypto.h>
#include <LibWeb/WebIDL/AbstractOperations.h>

namespace Web::Crypto {

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#concept-usage-intersection
static Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> usage_intersection(ReadonlySpan<Bindings::KeyUsage> a, ReadonlySpan<Bindings::KeyUsage> b)
{
    Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> result;
    for (auto const& usage : a) {
        if (b.contains_slow(usage))
            result.append(usage);
    }
    quick_sort(result);
    return result;
}

// Out of line to ensure this class has a key function
AlgorithmMethods::~AlgorithmMethods() = default;

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#big-integer
static ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger big_integer_from_api_big_integer(JS::GCPtr<JS::Uint8Array> const& big_integer)
{
    // The BigInteger typedef is a Uint8Array that holds an arbitrary magnitude unsigned integer
    // **in big-endian order**. Values read from the API SHALL have minimal typed array length
    // (that is, at most 7 leading zero bits, except the value 0 which shall have length 8 bits).
    // The API SHALL accept values with any number of leading zero bits, including the empty array, which represents zero.

    auto const& buffer = big_integer->viewed_array_buffer()->buffer();

    ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger result(0);
    if (buffer.size() > 0) {
        if constexpr (AK::HostIsLittleEndian) {
            // We need to reverse the buffer to get it into little-endian order
            Vector<u8, 32> reversed_buffer;
            reversed_buffer.resize(buffer.size());
            for (size_t i = 0; i < buffer.size(); ++i) {
                reversed_buffer[buffer.size() - i - 1] = buffer[i];
            }

            return ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(reversed_buffer.data(), reversed_buffer.size());
        } else {
            return ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
        }
    }
    return ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger(0);
}

// https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518#section-2
ErrorOr<String> base64_url_uint_encode(::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger integer)
{
    // The representation of a positive or zero integer value as the
    // base64url encoding of the value's unsigned big-endian
    // representation as an octet sequence.  The octet sequence MUST
    // utilize the minimum number of octets needed to represent the
    // value.  Zero is represented as BASE64URL(single zero-valued
    // octet), which is "AA".

    auto bytes = TRY(ByteBuffer::create_uninitialized(integer.trimmed_byte_length()));

    bool const remove_leading_zeroes = true;
    auto data_size = integer.export_data(bytes.span(), remove_leading_zeroes);

    auto data_slice_be = bytes.bytes().slice(bytes.size() - data_size, data_size);

    String encoded;
    if constexpr (AK::HostIsLittleEndian) {
        // We need to encode the integer's big endian representation as a base64 string
        Vector<u8, 32> data_slice_cpu;
        data_slice_cpu.ensure_capacity(data_size);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < data_size; ++i) {
            data_slice_cpu.append(data_slice_be[data_size - i - 1]);
        }
        encoded = TRY(encode_base64url(data_slice_cpu));
    } else {
        encoded = TRY(encode_base64url(data_slice_be));
    }

    // FIXME: create a version of encode_base64url that omits padding bytes
    if (auto first_padding_byte = encoded.find_byte_offset('='); first_padding_byte.has_value())
        return encoded.substring_from_byte_offset(0, first_padding_byte.value());
    return encoded;
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<ByteBuffer> base64_url_bytes_decode(JS::Realm& realm, String const& base64_url_string)
{
    auto& vm = realm.vm();

    // FIXME: Create a version of decode_base64url that ignores padding inconsistencies
    auto padded_string = base64_url_string;
    if (padded_string.byte_count() % 4 != 0) {
        padded_string = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, String::formatted("{}{}", padded_string, TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, String::repeated('=', 4 - (padded_string.byte_count() % 4)))));
    }

    auto base64_bytes_or_error = decode_base64url(padded_string);
    if (base64_bytes_or_error.is_error()) {
        if (base64_bytes_or_error.error().code() == ENOMEM)
            return vm.throw_completion<JS::InternalError>(vm.error_message(::JS::VM::ErrorMessage::OutOfMemory));
        return WebIDL::DataError::create(realm, MUST(String::formatted("base64 decode: {}", base64_bytes_or_error.release_error())));
    }
    return base64_bytes_or_error.release_value();
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger> base64_url_uint_decode(JS::Realm& realm, String const& base64_url_string)
{
    auto base64_bytes_be = TRY(base64_url_bytes_decode(realm, base64_url_string));

    if constexpr (AK::HostIsLittleEndian) {
        // We need to swap the integer's big-endian representation to little endian in order to import it
        Vector<u8, 32> base64_bytes_cpu;
        base64_bytes_cpu.ensure_capacity(base64_bytes_be.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < base64_bytes_be.size(); ++i) {
            base64_bytes_cpu.append(base64_bytes_be[base64_bytes_be.size() - i - 1]);
        }
        return ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(base64_bytes_cpu.data(), base64_bytes_cpu.size());
    } else {
        return ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(base64_bytes_be.data(), base64_bytes_be.size());
    }
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#concept-parse-an-asn1-structure
template<typename Structure>
static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<Structure> parse_an_ASN1_structure(JS::Realm& realm, ReadonlyBytes data, bool exact_data = true)
{
    // 1. Let data be a sequence of bytes to be parsed.
    // 2. Let structure be the ASN.1 structure to be parsed.
    // 3. Let exactData be an optional boolean value. If it is not supplied, let it be initialized to true.

    // 4. Parse data according to the Distinguished Encoding Rules of [X690], using structure as the ASN.1 structure to be decoded.
    ::Crypto::ASN1::Decoder decoder(data);
    Structure structure;
    if constexpr (IsSame<Structure, TLS::SubjectPublicKey>) {
        auto maybe_subject_public_key = TLS::parse_subject_public_key_info(decoder);
        if (maybe_subject_public_key.is_error())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(realm, MUST(String::formatted("Error parsing subjectPublicKeyInfo: {}", maybe_subject_public_key.release_error())));
        structure = maybe_subject_public_key.release_value();
    } else if constexpr (IsSame<Structure, TLS::PrivateKey>) {
        auto maybe_private_key = TLS::parse_private_key_info(decoder);
        if (maybe_private_key.is_error())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(realm, MUST(String::formatted("Error parsing privateKeyInfo: {}", maybe_private_key.release_error())));
        structure = maybe_private_key.release_value();
    } else {
        static_assert(DependentFalse<Structure>, "Don't know how to parse ASN.1 structure type");
    }

    // 5. If exactData was specified, and all of the bytes of data were not consumed during the parsing phase, then throw a DataError.
    if (exact_data && !decoder.eof())
        return WebIDL::DataError::create(realm, "Not all bytes were consumed during the parsing phase"_string);

    // 6. Return the parsed ASN.1 structure.
    return structure;
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#concept-parse-a-spki
static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<TLS::SubjectPublicKey> parse_a_subject_public_key_info(JS::Realm& realm, ReadonlyBytes bytes)
{
    // When this specification says to parse a subjectPublicKeyInfo, the user agent must parse an ASN.1 structure,
    // with data set to the sequence of bytes to be parsed, structure as the ASN.1 structure of subjectPublicKeyInfo,
    // as specified in [RFC5280], and exactData set to true.
    return parse_an_ASN1_structure<TLS::SubjectPublicKey>(realm, bytes, true);
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#concept-parse-a-privateKeyInfo
static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<TLS::PrivateKey> parse_a_private_key_info(JS::Realm& realm, ReadonlyBytes bytes)
{
    // When this specification says to parse a PrivateKeyInfo, the user agent must parse an ASN.1 structure
    // with data set to the sequence of bytes to be parsed, structure as the ASN.1 structure of PrivateKeyInfo,
    // as specified in [RFC5208], and exactData set to true.
    return parse_an_ASN1_structure<TLS::PrivateKey>(realm, bytes, true);
}

static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<>> parse_jwk_rsa_private_key(JS::Realm& realm, Bindings::JsonWebKey const& jwk)
{
    auto n = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.n));
    auto d = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.d));
    auto e = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.e));

    // We know that if any of the extra parameters are provided, all of them must be
    if (!jwk.p.has_value())
        return ::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<>(move(n), move(d), move(e), 0, 0);

    auto p = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.p));
    auto q = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.q));
    auto dp = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.dp));
    auto dq = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.dq));
    auto qi = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.qi));

    return ::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<>(move(n), move(d), move(e), move(p), move(q), move(dp), move(dq), move(qi));
}

static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<>> parse_jwk_rsa_public_key(JS::Realm& realm, Bindings::JsonWebKey const& jwk)
{
    auto e = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.e));
    auto n = TRY(base64_url_uint_decode(realm, *jwk.n));

    return ::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<>(move(n), move(e));
}

static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<ByteBuffer> parse_jwk_symmetric_key(JS::Realm& realm, Bindings::JsonWebKey const& jwk)
{
    if (!jwk.k.has_value()) {
        return WebIDL::DataError::create(realm, "JWK has no 'k' field"_string);
    }
    return base64_url_bytes_decode(realm, *jwk.k);
}

static WebIDL::ExceptionOr<ByteBuffer> generate_aes_key(JS::VM& vm, u16 bits)
{
    auto key_buffer = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, ByteBuffer::create_uninitialized(bits / 8));
    fill_with_random(key_buffer);
    return key_buffer;
}

AlgorithmParams::~AlgorithmParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> AlgorithmParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name_string = TRY(name.to_string(vm));

    return adopt_own(*new AlgorithmParams { name_string });
}

AesCbcParams::~AesCbcParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> AesCbcParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto iv_value = TRY(object.get("iv"));
    if (!iv_value.is_object() || !(is<JS::TypedArrayBase>(iv_value.as_object()) || is<JS::ArrayBuffer>(iv_value.as_object()) || is<JS::DataView>(iv_value.as_object())))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "BufferSource");
    auto iv = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, WebIDL::get_buffer_source_copy(iv_value.as_object()));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new AesCbcParams { name, iv });
}

HKDFParams::~HKDFParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> HKDFParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto hash_value = TRY(object.get("hash"));
    auto hash = TRY(hash_value.to_string(vm));

    auto salt_value = TRY(object.get("salt"));
    if (!salt_value.is_object() || !(is<JS::TypedArrayBase>(salt_value.as_object()) || is<JS::ArrayBuffer>(salt_value.as_object()) || is<JS::DataView>(salt_value.as_object())))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "BufferSource");
    auto salt = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, WebIDL::get_buffer_source_copy(salt_value.as_object()));

    auto info_value = TRY(object.get("info"));
    if (!info_value.is_object() || !(is<JS::TypedArrayBase>(info_value.as_object()) || is<JS::ArrayBuffer>(info_value.as_object()) || is<JS::DataView>(info_value.as_object())))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "BufferSource");
    auto info = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, WebIDL::get_buffer_source_copy(info_value.as_object()));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new HKDFParams { name, hash, salt, info });
}

PBKDF2Params::~PBKDF2Params() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> PBKDF2Params::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto salt_value = TRY(object.get("salt"));

    if (!salt_value.is_object() || !(is<JS::TypedArrayBase>(salt_value.as_object()) || is<JS::ArrayBuffer>(salt_value.as_object()) || is<JS::DataView>(salt_value.as_object())))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "BufferSource");

    auto salt = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, WebIDL::get_buffer_source_copy(salt_value.as_object()));

    auto iterations_value = TRY(object.get("iterations"));
    auto iterations = TRY(iterations_value.to_u32(vm));

    auto hash_value = TRY(object.get("hash"));
    auto hash = TRY(hash_value.to_string(vm));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new PBKDF2Params { name, salt, iterations, hash });
}

RsaKeyGenParams::~RsaKeyGenParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> RsaKeyGenParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto modulus_length_value = TRY(object.get("modulusLength"));
    auto modulus_length = TRY(modulus_length_value.to_u32(vm));

    auto public_exponent_value = TRY(object.get("publicExponent"));
    JS::GCPtr<JS::Uint8Array> public_exponent;

    if (!public_exponent_value.is_object() || !is<JS::Uint8Array>(public_exponent_value.as_object()))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "Uint8Array");

    public_exponent = static_cast<JS::Uint8Array&>(public_exponent_value.as_object());

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new RsaKeyGenParams { name, modulus_length, big_integer_from_api_big_integer(public_exponent) });
}

RsaHashedKeyGenParams::~RsaHashedKeyGenParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> RsaHashedKeyGenParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto modulus_length_value = TRY(object.get("modulusLength"));
    auto modulus_length = TRY(modulus_length_value.to_u32(vm));

    auto public_exponent_value = TRY(object.get("publicExponent"));
    JS::GCPtr<JS::Uint8Array> public_exponent;

    if (!public_exponent_value.is_object() || !is<JS::Uint8Array>(public_exponent_value.as_object()))
        return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "Uint8Array");

    public_exponent = static_cast<JS::Uint8Array&>(public_exponent_value.as_object());

    auto hash_value = TRY(object.get("hash"));
    auto hash = Variant<Empty, HashAlgorithmIdentifier> { Empty {} };
    if (hash_value.is_string()) {
        auto hash_string = TRY(hash_value.to_string(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_string };
    } else {
        auto hash_object = TRY(hash_value.to_object(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_object };
    }

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new RsaHashedKeyGenParams { name, modulus_length, big_integer_from_api_big_integer(public_exponent), hash.get<HashAlgorithmIdentifier>() });
}

RsaHashedImportParams::~RsaHashedImportParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> RsaHashedImportParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto hash_value = TRY(object.get("hash"));
    auto hash = Variant<Empty, HashAlgorithmIdentifier> { Empty {} };
    if (hash_value.is_string()) {
        auto hash_string = TRY(hash_value.to_string(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_string };
    } else {
        auto hash_object = TRY(hash_value.to_object(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_object };
    }

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new RsaHashedImportParams { name, hash.get<HashAlgorithmIdentifier>() });
}

RsaOaepParams::~RsaOaepParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> RsaOaepParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto label_value = TRY(object.get("label"));

    ByteBuffer label;
    if (!label_value.is_nullish()) {
        if (!label_value.is_object() || !(is<JS::TypedArrayBase>(label_value.as_object()) || is<JS::ArrayBuffer>(label_value.as_object()) || is<JS::DataView>(label_value.as_object())))
            return vm.throw_completion<JS::TypeError>(JS::ErrorType::NotAnObjectOfType, "BufferSource");

        label = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, WebIDL::get_buffer_source_copy(label_value.as_object()));
    }

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new RsaOaepParams { name, move(label) });
}

EcdsaParams::~EcdsaParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> EcdsaParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto hash_value = TRY(object.get("hash"));
    auto hash = Variant<Empty, HashAlgorithmIdentifier> { Empty {} };
    if (hash_value.is_string()) {
        auto hash_string = TRY(hash_value.to_string(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_string };
    } else {
        auto hash_object = TRY(hash_value.to_object(vm));
        hash = HashAlgorithmIdentifier { hash_object };
    }

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new EcdsaParams { name, hash.get<HashAlgorithmIdentifier>() });
}

EcKeyGenParams::~EcKeyGenParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> EcKeyGenParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto curve_value = TRY(object.get("namedCurve"));
    auto curve = TRY(curve_value.to_string(vm));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new EcKeyGenParams { name, curve });
}

AesKeyGenParams::~AesKeyGenParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> AesKeyGenParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto length_value = TRY(object.get("length"));
    auto length = TRY(length_value.to_u16(vm));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new AesKeyGenParams { name, length });
}

AesDerivedKeyParams::~AesDerivedKeyParams() = default;

JS::ThrowCompletionOr<NonnullOwnPtr<AlgorithmParams>> AesDerivedKeyParams::from_value(JS::VM& vm, JS::Value value)
{
    auto& object = value.as_object();

    auto name_value = TRY(object.get("name"));
    auto name = TRY(name_value.to_string(vm));

    auto length_value = TRY(object.get("length"));
    auto length = TRY(length_value.to_u16(vm));

    return adopt_own<AlgorithmParams>(*new AesDerivedKeyParams { name, length });
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#rsa-oaep-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> RSAOAEP::encrypt(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& plaintext)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto& vm = realm.vm();
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<RsaOaepParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "public", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Public)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a public key"_string);

    // 2. Let label be the contents of the label member of normalizedAlgorithm or the empty octet string if the label member of normalizedAlgorithm is not present.
    auto const& label = normalized_algorithm.label;

    auto const& handle = key->handle();
    auto public_key = handle.get<::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<>>();
    auto hash = TRY(verify_cast<RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm>(*key->algorithm()).hash().name(vm));

    // 3. Perform the encryption operation defined in Section 7.1 of [RFC3447] with the key represented by key as the recipient's RSA public key,
    //    the contents of plaintext as the message to be encrypted, M and label as the label, L, and with the hash function specified by the hash attribute
    //    of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key as the Hash option and MGF1 (defined in Section B.2.1 of [RFC3447]) as the MGF option.

    auto error_message = MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", hash));
    ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> maybe_padding = Error::from_string_view(error_message.bytes_as_string_view());
    if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        maybe_padding = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_encode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA1, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(plaintext, label, public_key.length());
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        maybe_padding = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_encode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA256, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(plaintext, label, public_key.length());
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        maybe_padding = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_encode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA384, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(plaintext, label, public_key.length());
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        maybe_padding = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_encode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA512, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(plaintext, label, public_key.length());
    }

    // 4. If performing the operation results in an error, then throw an OperationError.
    if (maybe_padding.is_error()) {
        auto error_message = MUST(String::from_utf8(maybe_padding.error().string_literal()));
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, error_message);
    }

    auto padding = maybe_padding.release_value();

    // 5. Let ciphertext be the value C that results from performing the operation.
    auto ciphertext = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, ByteBuffer::create_uninitialized(public_key.length()));
    auto ciphertext_bytes = ciphertext.bytes();

    auto rsa = ::Crypto::PK::RSA {};
    rsa.set_public_key(public_key);
    rsa.encrypt(padding, ciphertext_bytes);

    // 6. Return the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing ciphertext.
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, move(ciphertext));
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#rsa-oaep-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> RSAOAEP::decrypt(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, AK::ByteBuffer const& ciphertext)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto& vm = realm.vm();
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<RsaOaepParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "private", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Private)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a private key"_string);

    // 2. Let label be the contents of the label member of normalizedAlgorithm or the empty octet string if the label member of normalizedAlgorithm is not present.
    auto const& label = normalized_algorithm.label;

    auto const& handle = key->handle();
    auto private_key = handle.get<::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<>>();
    auto hash = TRY(verify_cast<RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm>(*key->algorithm()).hash().name(vm));

    // 3. Perform the decryption operation defined in Section 7.1 of [RFC3447] with the key represented by key as the recipient's RSA private key,
    //    the contents of ciphertext as the ciphertext to be decrypted, C, and label as the label, L, and with the hash function specified by the hash attribute
    //    of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key as the Hash option and MGF1 (defined in Section B.2.1 of [RFC3447]) as the MGF option.
    auto rsa = ::Crypto::PK::RSA {};
    rsa.set_private_key(private_key);
    u32 private_key_length = private_key.length();

    auto padding = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, ByteBuffer::create_uninitialized(private_key_length));
    auto padding_bytes = padding.bytes();
    rsa.decrypt(ciphertext, padding_bytes);

    auto error_message = MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", hash));
    ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> maybe_plaintext = Error::from_string_view(error_message.bytes_as_string_view());
    if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        maybe_plaintext = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_decode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA1, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(padding, label, private_key_length);
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        maybe_plaintext = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_decode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA256, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(padding, label, private_key_length);
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        maybe_plaintext = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_decode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA384, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(padding, label, private_key_length);
    } else if (hash.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        maybe_plaintext = ::Crypto::Padding::OAEP::eme_decode<::Crypto::Hash::SHA512, ::Crypto::Hash::MGF>(padding, label, private_key_length);
    }

    // 4. If performing the operation results in an error, then throw an OperationError.
    if (maybe_plaintext.is_error()) {
        auto error_message = MUST(String::from_utf8(maybe_plaintext.error().string_literal()));
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, error_message);
    }

    // 5. Let plaintext the value M that results from performing the operation.
    auto plaintext = maybe_plaintext.release_value();

    // 6. Return the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing plaintext.
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, move(plaintext));
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#rsa-oaep-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>>> RSAOAEP::generate_key(AlgorithmParams const& params, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains an entry which is not "encrypt", "decrypt", "wrapKey" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    // 2. Generate an RSA key pair, as defined in [RFC3447], with RSA modulus length equal to the modulusLength member of normalizedAlgorithm
    //    and RSA public exponent equal to the publicExponent member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    // 3. If performing the operation results in an error, then throw an OperationError.
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<RsaHashedKeyGenParams const&>(params);
    auto key_pair = ::Crypto::PK::RSA::generate_key_pair(normalized_algorithm.modulus_length, normalized_algorithm.public_exponent);

    // 4. Let algorithm be a new RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm object.
    auto algorithm = RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 5. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "RSA-OAEP".
    algorithm->set_name("RSA-OAEP"_string);

    // 6. Set the modulusLength attribute of algorithm to equal the modulusLength member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    algorithm->set_modulus_length(normalized_algorithm.modulus_length);

    // 7. Set the publicExponent attribute of algorithm to equal the publicExponent member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    TRY(algorithm->set_public_exponent(normalized_algorithm.public_exponent));

    // 8. Set the hash attribute of algorithm to equal the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    algorithm->set_hash(normalized_algorithm.hash);

    // 9. Let publicKey be a new CryptoKey representing the public key of the generated key pair.
    auto public_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { key_pair.public_key });

    // 10. Set the [[type]] internal slot of publicKey to "public"
    public_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Public);

    // 11. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of publicKey to algorithm.
    public_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 12. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of publicKey to true.
    public_key->set_extractable(true);

    // 13. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of publicKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "encrypt", "wrapKey" ].
    public_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt, Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey } }));

    // 14. Let privateKey be a new CryptoKey representing the private key of the generated key pair.
    auto private_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { key_pair.private_key });

    // 15. Set the [[type]] internal slot of privateKey to "private"
    private_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Private);

    // 16. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of privateKey to algorithm.
    private_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 17. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of privateKey to extractable.
    private_key->set_extractable(extractable);

    // 18. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of privateKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "decrypt", "unwrapKey" ].
    private_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt, Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey } }));

    // 19. Let result be a new CryptoKeyPair dictionary.
    // 20. Set the publicKey attribute of result to be publicKey.
    // 21. Set the privateKey attribute of result to be privateKey.
    // 22. Return the result of converting result to an ECMAScript Object, as defined by [WebIDL].
    return Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>> { CryptoKeyPair::create(m_realm, public_key, private_key) };
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#rsa-oaep-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>> RSAOAEP::import_key(Web::Crypto::AlgorithmParams const& params, Bindings::KeyFormat key_format, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData key_data, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& usages)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;

    // 1. Let keyData be the key data to be imported.

    JS::GCPtr<CryptoKey> key = nullptr;
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<RsaHashedImportParams const&>(params);

    // 2. -> If format is "spki":
    if (key_format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Spki) {
        // 1. If usages contains an entry which is not "encrypt" or "wrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
        for (auto const& usage : usages) {
            if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey) {
                return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
            }
        }

        VERIFY(key_data.has<ByteBuffer>());

        // 2. Let spki be the result of running the parse a subjectPublicKeyInfo algorithm over keyData.
        // 3. If an error occurred while parsing, then throw a DataError.
        auto spki = TRY(parse_a_subject_public_key_info(m_realm, key_data.get<ByteBuffer>()));

        // 4. If the algorithm object identifier field of the algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier field of spki
        //    is not equal to the rsaEncryption object identifier defined in [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
        if (spki.algorithm.identifier != TLS::rsa_encryption_oid)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Algorithm object identifier is not the rsaEncryption object identifier"_string);

        // 5. Let publicKey be the result of performing the parse an ASN.1 structure algorithm,
        //    with data as the subjectPublicKeyInfo field of spki, structure as the RSAPublicKey structure
        //    specified in Section A.1.1 of [RFC3447], and exactData set to true.
        // NOTE: We already did this in parse_a_subject_public_key_info
        auto& public_key = spki.rsa;

        // 6. If an error occurred while parsing, or it can be determined that publicKey is not
        //    a valid public key according to [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
        // FIXME: Validate the public key

        // 7. Let key be a new CryptoKey that represents the RSA public key identified by publicKey.
        key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { public_key });

        // 8. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "public"
        key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Public);
    }

    // -> If format is "pkcs8":
    else if (key_format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Pkcs8) {
        // 1. If usages contains an entry which is not "decrypt" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
        for (auto const& usage : usages) {
            if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
                return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
            }
        }

        VERIFY(key_data.has<ByteBuffer>());

        // 2. Let privateKeyInfo be the result of running the parse a privateKeyInfo algorithm over keyData.
        // 3. If an error occurred while parsing, then throw a DataError.
        auto private_key_info = TRY(parse_a_private_key_info(m_realm, key_data.get<ByteBuffer>()));

        // 4. If the algorithm object identifier field of the privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithm field of privateKeyInfo
        //    is not equal to the rsaEncryption object identifier defined in [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
        if (private_key_info.algorithm.identifier != TLS::rsa_encryption_oid)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Algorithm object identifier is not the rsaEncryption object identifier"_string);

        // 5. Let rsaPrivateKey be the result of performing the parse an ASN.1 structure algorithm,
        //    with data as the privateKey field of privateKeyInfo, structure as the RSAPrivateKey structure
        //    specified in Section A.1.2 of [RFC3447], and exactData set to true.
        // NOTE: We already did this in parse_a_private_key_info
        auto& rsa_private_key = private_key_info.rsa;

        // 6. If an error occurred while parsing, or if rsaPrivateKey is not
        //    a valid RSA private key according to [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
        // FIXME: Validate the private key

        // 7. Let key be a new CryptoKey that represents the RSA private key identified by rsaPrivateKey.
        key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { rsa_private_key });

        // 8. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "private"
        key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Private);
    }

    // -> If format is "jwk":
    else if (key_format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Jwk) {
        // 1. -> If keyData is a JsonWebKey dictionary:
        //         Let jwk equal keyData.
        //    -> Otherwise:
        //         Throw a DataError.
        if (!key_data.has<Bindings::JsonWebKey>())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "keyData is not a JsonWebKey dictionary"_string);
        auto& jwk = key_data.get<Bindings::JsonWebKey>();

        // 2. If the d field of jwk is present and usages contains an entry which is not "decrypt" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
        if (jwk.d.has_value()) {
            for (auto const& usage : usages) {
                if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
                    return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
                }
            }
        }

        // 3. If the d field of jwk is not present and usages contains an entry which is not "encrypt" or "wrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
        if (!jwk.d.has_value()) {
            for (auto const& usage : usages) {
                if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey) {
                    return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
                }
            }
        }

        // 4. If the kty field of jwk is not a case-sensitive string match to "RSA", then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.kty != "RSA"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid key type"_string);

        // 5. If usages is non-empty and the use field of jwk is present and is not a case-sensitive string match to "enc", then throw a DataError.
        if (!usages.is_empty() && jwk.use.has_value() && *jwk.use != "enc"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid use field"_string);

        // 6. If the key_ops field of jwk is present, and is invalid according to the requirements of JSON Web Key [JWK]
        //    or does not contain all of the specified usages values, then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.key_ops.has_value()) {
            for (auto const& usage : usages) {
                if (!jwk.key_ops->contains_slow(Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage)))
                    return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Missing key_ops field: {}", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
            }
        }
        // FIXME: Validate jwk.key_ops against requirements in https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517#section-4.3

        // 7. If the ext field of jwk is present and has the value false and extractable is true, then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.ext.has_value() && !*jwk.ext && extractable)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid ext field"_string);

        Optional<String> hash = {};
        // 8. -> If the alg field of jwk is not present:
        if (!jwk.alg.has_value()) {
            //     Let hash be undefined.
        }
        //    ->  If the alg field of jwk is equal to "RSA-OAEP":
        else if (jwk.alg == "RSA-OAEP"sv) {
            //     Let hash be the string "SHA-1".
            hash = "SHA-1"_string;
        }
        //    -> If the alg field of jwk is equal to "RSA-OAEP-256":
        else if (jwk.alg == "RSA-OAEP-256"sv) {
            //     Let hash be the string "SHA-256".
            hash = "SHA-256"_string;
        }
        //    -> If the alg field of jwk is equal to "RSA-OAEP-384":
        else if (jwk.alg == "RSA-OAEP-384"sv) {
            //     Let hash be the string "SHA-384".
            hash = "SHA-384"_string;
        }
        //    -> If the alg field of jwk is equal to "RSA-OAEP-512":
        else if (jwk.alg == "RSA-OAEP-512"sv) {
            //     Let hash be the string "SHA-512".
            hash = "SHA-512"_string;
        }
        //    -> Otherwise:
        else {
            // FIXME: Support 'other applicable specifications'
            // 1. Perform any key import steps defined by other applicable specifications, passing format, jwk and obtaining hash.
            // 2. If an error occurred or there are no applicable specifications, throw a DataError.
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid alg field"_string);
        }

        // 9.  If hash is not undefined:
        if (hash.has_value()) {
            // 1. Let normalizedHash be the result of normalize an algorithm with alg set to hash and op set to digest.
            auto normalized_hash = TRY(normalize_an_algorithm(m_realm, AlgorithmIdentifier { *hash }, "digest"_string));

            // 2. If normalizedHash is not equal to the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm, throw a DataError.
            if (normalized_hash.parameter->name != TRY(normalized_algorithm.hash.name(realm.vm())))
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid hash"_string);
        }

        // 10. -> If the d field of jwk is present:
        if (jwk.d.has_value()) {
            // 1. If jwk does not meet the requirements of Section 6.3.2 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], then throw a DataError.
            bool meets_requirements = jwk.e.has_value() && jwk.n.has_value() && jwk.d.has_value();
            if (jwk.p.has_value() || jwk.q.has_value() || jwk.dp.has_value() || jwk.dq.has_value() || jwk.qi.has_value())
                meets_requirements |= jwk.p.has_value() && jwk.q.has_value() && jwk.dp.has_value() && jwk.dq.has_value() && jwk.qi.has_value();

            if (jwk.oth.has_value()) {
                // FIXME: We don't support > 2 primes in RSA keys
                meets_requirements = false;
            }

            if (!meets_requirements)
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid JWK private key"_string);

            // FIXME: Spec error, it should say 'the RSA private key identified by interpreting jwk according to section 6.3.2'
            // 2. Let privateKey represent the RSA public key identified by interpreting jwk according to Section 6.3.1 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA].
            auto private_key = TRY(parse_jwk_rsa_private_key(realm, jwk));

            // FIXME: Spec error, it should say 'not to be a valid RSA private key'
            // 3. If privateKey can be determined to not be a valid RSA public key according to [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
            // FIXME: Validate the private key

            // 4. Let key be a new CryptoKey representing privateKey.
            key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { private_key });

            // 5. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "private"
            key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Private);
        }

        //     -> Otherwise:
        else {
            // 1. If jwk does not meet the requirements of Section 6.3.1 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], then throw a DataError.
            if (!jwk.e.has_value() || !jwk.n.has_value())
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid JWK public key"_string);

            // 2. Let publicKey represent the RSA public key identified by interpreting jwk according to Section 6.3.1 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA].
            auto public_key = TRY(parse_jwk_rsa_public_key(realm, jwk));

            // 3. If publicKey can be determined to not be a valid RSA public key according to [RFC3447], then throw a DataError.
            // FIXME: Validate the public key

            // 4. Let key be a new CryptoKey representing publicKey.
            key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { public_key });

            // 5. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "public"
            key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Public);
        }
    }

    // -> Otherwise: throw a NotSupportedError.
    else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Unsupported key format"_string);
    }

    // 3. Let algorithm be a new RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm.
    auto algorithm = RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 4. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "RSA-OAEP"
    algorithm->set_name("RSA-OAEP"_string);

    // 5. Set the modulusLength attribute of algorithm to the length, in bits, of the RSA public modulus.
    // 6. Set the publicExponent attribute of algorithm to the BigInteger representation of the RSA public exponent.
    TRY(key->handle().visit(
        [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<> const& public_key) -> WebIDL::ExceptionOr<void> {
            algorithm->set_modulus_length(public_key.modulus().trimmed_byte_length() * 8);
            TRY(algorithm->set_public_exponent(public_key.public_exponent()));
            return {};
        },
        [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<> const& private_key) -> WebIDL::ExceptionOr<void> {
            algorithm->set_modulus_length(private_key.modulus().trimmed_byte_length() * 8);
            TRY(algorithm->set_public_exponent(private_key.public_exponent()));
            return {};
        },
        [](auto) -> WebIDL::ExceptionOr<void> { VERIFY_NOT_REACHED(); }));

    // 7. Set the hash attribute of algorithm to the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    algorithm->set_hash(normalized_algorithm.hash);

    // 8. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 9. Return key.
    return JS::NonnullGCPtr { *key };
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#rsa-oaep-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::Object>> RSAOAEP::export_key(Bindings::KeyFormat format, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto& vm = realm.vm();

    // 1. Let key be the key to be exported.

    // 2. If the underlying cryptographic key material represented by the [[handle]] internal slot of key cannot be accessed, then throw an OperationError.
    // Note: In our impl this is always accessible
    auto const& handle = key->handle();

    JS::GCPtr<JS::Object> result = nullptr;

    // 3. If format is "spki"
    if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Spki) {
        // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "public", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
        if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Public)
            return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not public"_string);

        // 2. Let data be an instance of the subjectPublicKeyInfo ASN.1 structure defined in [RFC5280] with the following properties:
        // - Set the algorithm field to an AlgorithmIdentifier ASN.1 type with the following properties:
        //   - Set the algorithm field to the OID rsaEncryption defined in [RFC3447].
        //   - Set the params field to the ASN.1 type NULL.
        // - Set the subjectPublicKey field to the result of DER-encoding an RSAPublicKey ASN.1 type, as defined in [RFC3447], Appendix A.1.1,
        //   that represents the RSA public key represented by the [[handle]] internal slot of key
        auto maybe_data = handle.visit(
            [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<> const& public_key) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> {
                auto rsa_encryption_oid = Array<int, 7> { 1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1, 1 };
                return TRY(::Crypto::PK::wrap_in_subject_public_key_info(public_key, rsa_encryption_oid));
            },
            [](auto) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> {
                VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
            });
        // FIXME: clang-format butchers the visit if we do the TRY inline
        auto data = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, maybe_data);

        // 3. Let result be the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing data.
        result = JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, data);
    }

    // If format is "pkcs8"
    else if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Pkcs8) {
        // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "private", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
        if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Private)
            return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not private"_string);

        // 2. Let data be the result of encoding a privateKeyInfo structure with the following properties:
        // - Set the version field to 0.
        // - Set the privateKeyAlgorithm field to an PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier ASN.1 type with the following properties:
        // - - Set the algorithm field to the OID rsaEncryption defined in [RFC3447].
        // - - Set the params field to the ASN.1 type NULL.
        // - Set the privateKey field to the result of DER-encoding an RSAPrivateKey ASN.1 type, as defined in [RFC3447], Appendix A.1.2,
        // that represents the RSA private key represented by the [[handle]] internal slot of key
        auto maybe_data = handle.visit(
            [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<> const& private_key) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> {
                auto rsa_encryption_oid = Array<int, 7> { 1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1, 1 };
                return TRY(::Crypto::PK::wrap_in_private_key_info(private_key, rsa_encryption_oid));
            },
            [](auto) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> {
                VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
            });

        // FIXME: clang-format butchers the visit if we do the TRY inline
        auto data = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, maybe_data);

        // 3. Let result be the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing data.
        result = JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, data);
    }

    // If format is "jwk"
    else if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Jwk) {
        // 1. Let jwk be a new JsonWebKey dictionary.
        Bindings::JsonWebKey jwk = {};

        // 2. Set the kty attribute of jwk to the string "RSA".
        jwk.kty = "RSA"_string;

        // 4. Let hash be the name attribute of the hash attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key.
        auto hash = TRY(verify_cast<RsaHashedKeyAlgorithm>(*key->algorithm()).hash().name(vm));

        // 4. If hash is "SHA-1":
        //      - Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "RSA-OAEP".
        if (hash == "SHA-1"sv) {
            jwk.alg = "RSA-OAEP"_string;
        }
        //    If hash is "SHA-256":
        //      - Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "RSA-OAEP-256".
        else if (hash == "SHA-256"sv) {
            jwk.alg = "RSA-OAEP-256"_string;
        }
        //    If hash is "SHA-384":
        //      - Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "RSA-OAEP-384".
        else if (hash == "SHA-384"sv) {
            jwk.alg = "RSA-OAEP-384"_string;
        }
        //    If hash is "SHA-512":
        //      - Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "RSA-OAEP-512".
        else if (hash == "SHA-512"sv) {
            jwk.alg = "RSA-OAEP-512"_string;
        } else {
            // FIXME: Support 'other applicable specifications'
            // - Perform any key export steps defined by other applicable specifications,
            //   passing format and the hash attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key and obtaining alg.
            // - Set the alg attribute of jwk to alg.
            return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(realm, TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, String::formatted("Unsupported hash algorithm '{}'", hash)));
        }

        // 10. Set the attributes n and e of jwk according to the corresponding definitions in JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], Section 6.3.1.
        auto maybe_error = handle.visit(
            [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPublicKey<> const& public_key) -> ErrorOr<void> {
                jwk.n = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(public_key.modulus()));
                jwk.e = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(public_key.public_exponent()));
                return {};
            },
            [&](::Crypto::PK::RSAPrivateKey<> const& private_key) -> ErrorOr<void> {
                jwk.n = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.modulus()));
                jwk.e = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.public_exponent()));

                // 11. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is "private":
                //    1. Set the attributes named d, p, q, dp, dq, and qi of jwk according to the corresponding definitions in JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], Section 6.3.2.
                jwk.d = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.private_exponent()));
                jwk.p = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.prime1()));
                jwk.q = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.prime2()));
                jwk.dp = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.exponent1()));
                jwk.dq = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.exponent2()));
                jwk.qi = TRY(base64_url_uint_encode(private_key.coefficient()));

                // 12. If the underlying RSA private key represented by the [[handle]] internal slot of key is represented by more than two primes,
                //     set the attribute named oth of jwk according to the corresponding definition in JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], Section 6.3.2.7
                // FIXME: We don't support more than 2 primes on RSA keys
                return {};
            },
            [](auto) -> ErrorOr<void> {
                VERIFY_NOT_REACHED();
            });
        // FIXME: clang-format butchers the visit if we do the TRY inline
        TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, maybe_error);

        // 13. Set the key_ops attribute of jwk to the usages attribute of key.
        jwk.key_ops = Vector<String> {};
        jwk.key_ops->ensure_capacity(key->internal_usages().size());
        for (auto const& usage : key->internal_usages()) {
            jwk.key_ops->append(Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage));
        }

        // 14. Set the ext attribute of jwk to the [[extractable]] internal slot of key.
        jwk.ext = key->extractable();

        // 15. Let result be the result of converting jwk to an ECMAScript Object, as defined by [WebIDL].
        result = TRY(jwk.to_object(realm));
    }

    // Otherwise throw a NotSupportedError.
    else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(realm, TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, String::formatted("Exporting to format {} is not supported", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(format))));
    }

    // 8. Return result
    return JS::NonnullGCPtr { *result };
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#aes-cbc-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> AesCbc::encrypt(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& plaintext)
{
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<AesCbcParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If the iv member of normalizedAlgorithm does not have length 16 bytes, then throw an OperationError.
    if (normalized_algorithm.iv.size() != 16)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "IV to AES-CBC must be exactly 16 bytes"_string);

    // 2. Let paddedPlaintext be the result of adding padding octets to the contents of plaintext according to the procedure defined in Section 10.3 of [RFC2315], step 2, with a value of k of 16.
    // Note: This is identical to RFC 5652 Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS).
    // We do this during encryption, which avoid reallocating a potentially-large buffer.
    auto mode = ::Crypto::Cipher::PaddingMode::CMS;

    // 3. Let ciphertext be the result of performing the CBC Encryption operation described in Section 6.2 of [NIST-SP800-38A] using AES as the block cipher, the contents of the iv member of normalizedAlgorithm as the IV input parameter and paddedPlaintext as the input plaintext.
    auto key_bytes = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();
    auto key_bits = key_bytes.size() * 8;
    ::Crypto::Cipher::AESCipher::CBCMode cipher(key_bytes, key_bits, ::Crypto::Cipher::Intent::Encryption, mode);
    auto iv = normalized_algorithm.iv;
    auto ciphertext = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(m_realm->vm(), cipher.create_aligned_buffer(plaintext.size() + 1));
    auto ciphertext_view = ciphertext.bytes();
    cipher.encrypt(plaintext, ciphertext_view, iv);
    ciphertext.trim(ciphertext_view.size(), false);

    // 4. Return the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing ciphertext.
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(m_realm, move(ciphertext));
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> AesCbc::decrypt(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& ciphertext)
{
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<AesCbcParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If the iv member of normalizedAlgorithm does not have length 16 bytes, then throw an OperationError.
    if (normalized_algorithm.iv.size() != 16)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "IV to AES-CBC must be exactly 16 bytes"_string);

    // Spec bug? TODO: https://github.com/w3c/webcrypto/issues/381
    // If ciphertext does not have a length that is a multiple of 16 bytes, then throw an OperationError. (Note that a zero-length ciphertext will result in an OperationError in all cases.)
    if (ciphertext.size() % 16 != 0)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Ciphertext length must be a multiple of 16 bytes"_string);

    // 2. Let paddedPlaintext be the result of performing the CBC Decryption operation described in Section 6.2 of [NIST-SP800-38A] using AES as the block cipher, the contents of the iv member of normalizedAlgorithm as the IV input parameter and the contents of ciphertext as the input ciphertext.
    auto mode = ::Crypto::Cipher::PaddingMode::CMS;
    auto key_bytes = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();
    auto key_bits = key_bytes.size() * 8;
    ::Crypto::Cipher::AESCipher::CBCMode cipher(key_bytes, key_bits, ::Crypto::Cipher::Intent::Decryption, mode);
    auto iv = normalized_algorithm.iv;
    auto plaintext = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(m_realm->vm(), cipher.create_aligned_buffer(ciphertext.size()));
    auto plaintext_view = plaintext.bytes();
    cipher.decrypt(ciphertext, plaintext_view, iv);
    plaintext.trim(plaintext_view.size(), false);

    // 3. Let p be the value of the last octet of paddedPlaintext.
    // 4. If p is zero or greater than 16, or if any of the last p octets of paddedPlaintext have a value which is not p, then throw an OperationError.
    // 5. Let plaintext be the result of removing p octets from the end of paddedPlaintext.
    // Note that LibCrypto already does the padding removal for us.
    // In the case that any issues arise (e.g. inconsistent padding), the padding is instead not trimmed.
    // This is *ONLY* meaningful for the specific case of PaddingMode::CMS, as this is the only padding mode that always appends a block.
    if (plaintext.size() == ciphertext.size()) {
        // Padding was not removed for an unknown reason. Apply Step 4:
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Inconsistent padding"_string);
    }

    // 6. Return the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing plaintext.
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(m_realm, move(plaintext));
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>> AesCbc::import_key(AlgorithmParams const&, Bindings::KeyFormat format, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData key_data, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains an entry which is not one of "encrypt", "decrypt", "wrapKey" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    // 2.
    ByteBuffer data;
    if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Raw) {
        // -> If format is "raw":
        //    1. Let data be the octet string contained in keyData.
        //    2. If the length in bits of data is not 128, 192 or 256 then throw a DataError.
        data = key_data.get<ByteBuffer>();
        auto length_in_bits = data.size() * 8;
        if (length_in_bits != 128 && length_in_bits != 192 && length_in_bits != 256) {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key length '{}' bits (must be either 128, 192, or 256 bits)", length_in_bits)));
        }
    } else if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Jwk) {
        // -> If format is "jwk":
        //    1. ->   If keyData is a JsonWebKey dictionary:
        //                Let jwk equal keyData.
        //       ->   Otherwise:
        //                Throw a DataError.
        if (!key_data.has<Bindings::JsonWebKey>())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "keyData is not a JsonWebKey dictionary"_string);
        auto& jwk = key_data.get<Bindings::JsonWebKey>();

        //    2. If the kty field of jwk is not "oct", then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.kty != "oct"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid key type"_string);

        //    3. If jwk does not meet the requirements of Section 6.4 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], then throw a DataError.
        // Specifically, those requirements are:
        // - ".k" is a valid bas64url encoded octet stream, which we do by just parsing it, in step 4.
        // - ".alg" is checked only in step 5.

        //    4. Let data be the octet string obtained by decoding the k field of jwk.
        data = TRY(parse_jwk_symmetric_key(m_realm, jwk));

        //    5. -> If data has length 128 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A128CBC", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> If data has length 192 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A192CBC", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> If data has length 256 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A256CBC", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> Otherwise:
        //              throw a DataError.
        auto data_bits = data.size() * 8;
        auto const& alg = jwk.alg;
        if (data_bits == 128) {
            if (alg.has_value() && alg != "A128CBC") {
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 128 bits, but alg specifies non-128-bit algorithm"_string);
            }
        } else if (data_bits == 192) {
            if (alg.has_value() && alg != "A192CBC") {
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 192 bits, but alg specifies non-192-bit algorithm"_string);
            }
        } else if (data_bits == 256) {
            if (alg.has_value() && alg != "A256CBC") {
                return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 256 bits, but alg specifies non-256-bit algorithm"_string);
            }
        } else {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key size: {} bits", data_bits)));
        }

        //    6. If usages is non-empty and the use field of jwk is present and is not "enc", then throw a DataError.
        if (!key_usages.is_empty() && jwk.use.has_value() && *jwk.use != "enc"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid use field"_string);

        //    7. If the key_ops field of jwk is present, and is invalid according to the requirements of JSON Web Key [JWK] or does not contain all of the specified usages values, then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.key_ops.has_value()) {
            for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
                if (!jwk.key_ops->contains_slow(Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage)))
                    return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Missing key_ops field: {}", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
            }
        }
        // FIXME: Validate jwk.key_ops against requirements in https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517#section-4.3

        //    8. If the ext field of jwk is present and has the value false and extractable is true, then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.ext.has_value() && !*jwk.ext && extractable)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid ext field"_string);
    } else {
        //    Otherwise:
        //        throw a NotSupportedError
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Only raw and jwk formats are supported"_string);
    }

    // 3. Let key be a new CryptoKey object representing an AES key with value data.
    auto data_bits = data.size() * 8;
    auto key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, move(data));

    // 4. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "secret".
    key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Secret);

    // 5. Let algorithm be a new AesKeyAlgorithm.
    auto algorithm = AesKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 6. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "AES-CBC".
    algorithm->set_name("AES-CBC"_string);

    // 7. Set the length attribute of algorithm to the length, in bits, of data.
    algorithm->set_length(data_bits);

    // 8. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm.
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 9. Return key.
    return key;
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>>> AesCbc::generate_key(AlgorithmParams const& params, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains any entry which is not one of "encrypt", "decrypt", "wrapKey" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<AesKeyGenParams const&>(params);

    // 2. If the length member of normalizedAlgorithm is not equal to one of 128, 192 or 256, then throw an OperationError.
    auto bits = normalized_algorithm.length;
    if (bits != 128 && bits != 192 && bits != 256) {
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Cannot create AES-CBC key with unusual amount of {} bits", bits)));
    }

    // 3. Generate an AES key of length equal to the length member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    auto key_buffer = TRY(generate_aes_key(m_realm->vm(), bits / 8));

    // 4. If the key generation step fails, then throw an OperationError.
    // Note: Cannot happen in our implementation; and if we OOM, then allocating the Exception is probably going to crash anyway.

    // 5. Let key be a new CryptoKey object representing the generated AES key.
    auto key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { key_buffer });

    // 6. Let algorithm be a new AesKeyAlgorithm.
    auto algorithm = AesKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 7. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "AES-CBC".
    algorithm->set_name("AES-CBC"_string);

    // 8. Set the length attribute of algorithm to equal the length member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    algorithm->set_length(bits);

    // 9. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "secret".
    key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Secret);

    // 10. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm.
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 11. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of key to be extractable.
    key->set_extractable(extractable);

    // 12. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of key to be usages.
    key->set_usages(key_usages);

    // 13. Return key.
    return { key };
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::Object>> AesCbc::export_key(Bindings::KeyFormat format, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key)
{
    // 1. If the underlying cryptographic key material represented by the [[handle]] internal slot of key cannot be accessed, then throw an OperationError.
    // Note: In our impl this is always accessible
    auto const& handle = key->handle();

    JS::GCPtr<JS::Object> result = nullptr;

    // 2. -> If format is "raw":
    if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Raw) {
        // 1. Let data be the raw octets of the key represented by [[handle]] internal slot of key.
        auto data = handle.get<ByteBuffer>();

        // 2. Let result be the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing data.
        result = JS::ArrayBuffer::create(m_realm, data);
    }
    //    -> If format is "jwk":
    else if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Jwk) {
        // 1. Let jwk be a new JsonWebKey dictionary.
        Bindings::JsonWebKey jwk = {};

        // 2. Set the kty attribute of jwk to the string "oct".
        jwk.kty = "oct"_string;

        // 3. Set the k attribute of jwk to be a string containing the raw octets of the key represented by [[handle]] internal slot of key, encoded according to Section 6.4 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA].
        auto const& key_bytes = handle.get<ByteBuffer>();
        jwk.k = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(m_realm->vm(), encode_base64url(key_bytes, AK::OmitPadding::Yes));

        // 4. -> If the length attribute of key is 128:
        //        Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "A128CBC".
        //    -> If the length attribute of key is 192:
        //        Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "A192CBC".
        //    -> If the length attribute of key is 256:
        //        Set the alg attribute of jwk to the string "A256CBC".
        auto key_bits = key_bytes.size() * 8;
        if (key_bits == 128) {
            jwk.alg = "A128CBC"_string;
        } else if (key_bits == 192) {
            jwk.alg = "A192CBC"_string;
        } else if (key_bits == 256) {
            jwk.alg = "A256CBC"_string;
        } else {
            return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "unclear key size"_string);
        }

        // 5. Set the key_ops attribute of jwk to equal the usages attribute of key.
        jwk.key_ops = Vector<String> {};
        jwk.key_ops->ensure_capacity(key->internal_usages().size());
        for (auto const& usage : key->internal_usages()) {
            jwk.key_ops->append(Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage));
        }

        // 6. Set the ext attribute of jwk to equal the [[extractable]] internal slot of key.
        jwk.ext = key->extractable();

        // 7. Let result be the result of converting jwk to an ECMAScript Object, as defined by [WebIDL].
        result = TRY(jwk.to_object(m_realm));
    }
    //    -> Otherwise:
    else {
        //        throw a NotSupportedError.
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Cannot export to unsupported format"_string);
    }

    // 3. Return result.
    return JS::NonnullGCPtr { *result };
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::Value> AesCbc::get_key_length(AlgorithmParams const& params)
{
    // 1. If the length member of normalizedDerivedKeyAlgorithm is not 128, 192 or 256, then throw an OperationError.
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<AesDerivedKeyParams const&>(params);
    auto length = normalized_algorithm.length;
    if (length != 128 && length != 192 && length != 256)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Invalid key length"_string);

    // 2. Return the length member of normalizedDerivedKeyAlgorithm.
    return JS::Value(length);
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>> AesCtr::import_key(AlgorithmParams const&, Bindings::KeyFormat format, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData key_data, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains an entry which is not one of "encrypt", "decrypt", "wrapKey" or "unwrapKey", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Encrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Decrypt && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Wrapkey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Unwrapkey) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    ByteBuffer data;

    // 2. If format is "raw":
    if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Raw) {
        // 1. Let data be the octet string contained in keyData.
        data = key_data.get<ByteBuffer>();

        // 2. If the length in bits of data is not 128, 192 or 256 then throw a DataError.
        auto length_in_bits = data.size() * 8;
        if (length_in_bits != 128 && length_in_bits != 192 && length_in_bits != 256) {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key length '{}' bits (must be either 128, 192, or 256 bits)", length_in_bits)));
        }
    }

    // 2. If format is "jwk":
    else if (format == Bindings::KeyFormat::Jwk) {
        // 1. -> If keyData is a JsonWebKey dictionary:
        //         Let jwk equal keyData.
        //    -> Otherwise:
        //         Throw a DataError.
        if (!key_data.has<Bindings::JsonWebKey>())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "keyData is not a JsonWebKey dictionary"_string);

        auto& jwk = key_data.get<Bindings::JsonWebKey>();

        // 2. If the kty field of jwk is not "oct", then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.kty != "oct"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid key type"_string);

        // 3. If jwk does not meet the requirements of Section 6.4 of JSON Web Algorithms [JWA], then throw a DataError.
        // Specifically, those requirements are:
        // * the member "k" is used to represent a symmetric key (or another key whose value is a single octet sequence).
        // * An "alg" member SHOULD also be present to identify the algorithm intended to be used with the key,
        //   unless the application uses another means or convention to determine the algorithm used.
        if (!jwk.k.has_value())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Missing 'k' field"_string);

        if (!jwk.alg.has_value())
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Missing 'alg' field"_string);

        // 4. Let data be the octet string obtained by decoding the k field of jwk.
        data = TRY(parse_jwk_symmetric_key(m_realm, jwk));

        //    5. -> If data has length 128 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A128CTR", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> If data has length 192 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A192CTR", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> If data has length 256 bits:
        //              If the alg field of jwk is present, and is not "A256CTR", then throw a DataError.
        //       -> Otherwise:
        //              throw a DataError.
        auto data_bits = data.size() * 8;
        auto const& alg = jwk.alg;
        if (data_bits == 128 && alg != "A128CTR") {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 128 bits, but alg specifies non-128-bit algorithm"_string);
        } else if (data_bits == 192 && alg != "A192CTR") {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 192 bits, but alg specifies non-192-bit algorithm"_string);
        } else if (data_bits == 256 && alg != "A256CTR") {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Contradictory key size: key has 256 bits, but alg specifies non-256-bit algorithm"_string);
        } else {
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key size: {} bits", data_bits)));
        }

        // 6. If usages is non-empty and the use field of jwk is present and is not "enc", then throw a DataError.
        if (!key_usages.is_empty() && jwk.use.has_value() && *jwk.use != "enc"_string)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid use field"_string);

        // 7. If the key_ops field of jwk is present, and is invalid according to the requirements of JSON Web Key [JWK]
        //    or does not contain all of the specified usages values, then throw a DataError.
        // FIXME: Validate jwk.key_ops against requirements in https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517#section-4.3
        if (jwk.key_ops.has_value()) {
            for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
                if (!jwk.key_ops->contains_slow(Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage)))
                    return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Missing key_ops field: {}", Bindings::idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
            }
        }

        // 8. If the ext field of jwk is present and has the value false and extractable is true, then throw a DataError.
        if (jwk.ext.has_value() && !*jwk.ext && extractable)
            return WebIDL::DataError::create(m_realm, "Invalid ext field"_string);
    }

    // 2. Otherwise:
    else {
        // 1. throw a NotSupportedError.
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Only raw and jwk formats are supported"_string);
    }

    auto data_bits = data.size() * 8;

    // 3. Let key be a new CryptoKey object representing an AES key with value data.
    auto key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, move(data));

    // 4. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "secret".
    key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Secret);

    // 5. Let algorithm be a new AesKeyAlgorithm.
    auto algorithm = AesKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 6. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "AES-CTR".
    algorithm->set_name("AES-CTR"_string);

    // 7. Set the length attribute of algorithm to the length, in bits, of data.
    algorithm->set_length(data_bits);

    // 8. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm.
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 9. Return key.
    return key;
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#hkdf-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>> HKDF::import_key(AlgorithmParams const&, Bindings::KeyFormat format, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData key_data, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. Let keyData be the key data to be imported.

    // 2. If format is "raw":
    //        (… see below …)
    //    Otherwise:
    //        throw a NotSupportedError.
    if (format != Bindings::KeyFormat::Raw) {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Only raw format is supported"_string);
    }

    //        1. If usages contains a value that is not "deriveKey" or "deriveBits", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Derivekey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Derivebits) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    //        2. If extractable is not false, then throw a SyntaxError.
    if (extractable)
        return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, "extractable must be false"_string);

    //        3. Let key be a new CryptoKey representing the key data provided in keyData.
    auto key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, move(key_data));

    //        4. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "secret".
    key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Secret);

    //        5. Let algorithm be a new KeyAlgorithm object.
    auto algorithm = KeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    //        6. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "HKDF".
    algorithm->set_name("HKDF"_string);

    //        7. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm.
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    //        8. Return key.
    return key;
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>> PBKDF2::import_key(AlgorithmParams const&, Bindings::KeyFormat format, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData key_data, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If format is not "raw", throw a NotSupportedError
    if (format != Bindings::KeyFormat::Raw) {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Only raw format is supported"_string);
    }

    // 2. If usages contains a value that is not "deriveKey" or "deriveBits", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Derivekey && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Derivebits) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    // 3. If extractable is not false, then throw a SyntaxError.
    if (extractable)
        return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, "extractable must be false"_string);

    // 4. Let key be a new CryptoKey representing keyData.
    auto key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, move(key_data));

    // 5. Set the [[type]] internal slot of key to "secret".
    key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Secret);

    // 6. Let algorithm be a new KeyAlgorithm object.
    auto algorithm = KeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 7. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "PBKDF2".
    algorithm->set_name("PBKDF2"_string);

    // 8. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key to algorithm.
    key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 9. Return key.
    return key;
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> SHA::digest(AlgorithmParams const& algorithm, ByteBuffer const& data)
{
    auto& algorithm_name = algorithm.name;

    ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind hash_kind;
    if (algorithm_name.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA1;
    } else if (algorithm_name.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA256;
    } else if (algorithm_name.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA384;
    } else if (algorithm_name.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA512;
    } else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", algorithm_name)));
    }

    ::Crypto::Hash::Manager hash { hash_kind };
    hash.update(data);

    auto digest = hash.digest();
    auto result_buffer = ByteBuffer::copy(digest.immutable_data(), hash.digest_size());
    if (result_buffer.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to create result buffer"_string);

    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(m_realm, result_buffer.release_value());
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#ecdsa-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>>> ECDSA::generate_key(AlgorithmParams const& params, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains a value which is not one of "sign" or "verify", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Sign && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Verify) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<EcKeyGenParams const&>(params);

    // 2. If the namedCurve member of normalizedAlgorithm is "P-256", "P-384" or "P-521":
    // Generate an Elliptic Curve key pair, as defined in [RFC6090]
    // with domain parameters for the curve identified by the namedCurve member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    Variant<Empty, ::Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1, ::Crypto::Curves::SECP384r1> curve;
    if (normalized_algorithm.named_curve.is_one_of("P-256"sv, "P-384"sv, "P-521"sv)) {
        if (normalized_algorithm.named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-256"sv))
            curve = ::Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1 {};

        if (normalized_algorithm.named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-384"sv))
            curve = ::Crypto::Curves::SECP384r1 {};

        // FIXME: Support P-521
        if (normalized_algorithm.named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-521"sv))
            return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "'P-521' is not supported yet"_string);
    } else {
        // If the namedCurve member of normalizedAlgorithm is a value specified in an applicable specification:
        // Perform the ECDSA generation steps specified in that specification,
        // passing in normalizedAlgorithm and resulting in an elliptic curve key pair.

        // Otherwise: throw a NotSupportedError
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "Only 'P-256', 'P-384' and 'P-521' is supported"_string);
    }

    // NOTE: Spec jumps to 6 here for some reason
    // 6. If performing the key generation operation results in an error, then throw an OperationError.
    auto maybe_private_key_data = curve.visit(
        [](Empty const&) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> { return Error::from_string_literal("noop error"); },
        [](auto instance) { return instance.generate_private_key(); });

    if (maybe_private_key_data.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to create valid crypto instance"_string);

    auto private_key_data = maybe_private_key_data.release_value();

    auto maybe_public_key_data = curve.visit(
        [](Empty const&) -> ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> { return Error::from_string_literal("noop error"); },
        [&](auto instance) { return instance.generate_public_key(private_key_data); });

    if (maybe_public_key_data.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to create valid crypto instance"_string);

    auto public_key_data = maybe_public_key_data.release_value();

    // 7. Let algorithm be a new EcKeyAlgorithm object.
    auto algorithm = EcKeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 8. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "ECDSA".
    algorithm->set_name("ECDSA"_string);

    // 9. Set the namedCurve attribute of algorithm to equal the namedCurve member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    algorithm->set_named_curve(normalized_algorithm.named_curve);

    // 10. Let publicKey be a new CryptoKey representing the public key of the generated key pair.
    auto public_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { public_key_data });

    // 11. Set the [[type]] internal slot of publicKey to "public"
    public_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Public);

    // 12. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of publicKey to algorithm.
    public_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 13. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of publicKey to true.
    public_key->set_extractable(true);

    // 14. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of publicKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "verify" ].
    public_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Verify } }));

    // 15. Let privateKey be a new CryptoKey representing the private key of the generated key pair.
    auto private_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { private_key_data });

    // 16. Set the [[type]] internal slot of privateKey to "private"
    private_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Private);

    // 17. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of privateKey to algorithm.
    private_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 18. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of privateKey to extractable.
    private_key->set_extractable(extractable);

    // 19. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of privateKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "sign" ].
    private_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Sign } }));

    // 20. Let result be a new CryptoKeyPair dictionary.
    // 21. Set the publicKey attribute of result to be publicKey.
    // 22. Set the privateKey attribute of result to be privateKey.
    // 23. Return the result of converting result to an ECMAScript Object, as defined by [WebIDL].
    return Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>> { CryptoKeyPair::create(m_realm, public_key, private_key) };
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#ecdsa-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> ECDSA::sign(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& message)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto& vm = realm.vm();
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<EcdsaParams const&>(params);

    (void)vm;
    (void)message;

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "private", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Private)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a private key"_string);

    // 2. Let hashAlgorithm be the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    [[maybe_unused]] auto const& hash_algorithm = normalized_algorithm.hash;

    // NOTE: We dont have sign() on the SECPxxxr1 curves, so we can't implement this yet
    // FIXME: 3. Let M be the result of performing the digest operation specified by hashAlgorithm using message.
    // FIXME: 4. Let d be the ECDSA private key associated with key.
    // FIXME: 5. Let params be the EC domain parameters associated with key.
    // FIXME: 6. If the namedCurve attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key is "P-256", "P-384" or "P-521":

    // FIXME: 1. Perform the ECDSA signing process, as specified in [RFC6090], Section 5.4, with M as the message, using params as the EC domain parameters, and with d as the private key.
    // FIXME: 2. Let r and s be the pair of integers resulting from performing the ECDSA signing process.
    // FIXME: 3. Let result be an empty byte sequence.
    // FIXME: 4. Let n be the smallest integer such that n * 8 is greater than the logarithm to base 2 of the order of the base point of the elliptic curve identified by params.
    // FIXME: 5. Convert r to an octet string of length n and append this sequence of bytes to result.
    // FIXME: 6. Convert s to an octet string of length n and append this sequence of bytes to result.

    // FIXME: Otherwise, the namedCurve attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key is a value specified in an applicable specification:
    // FIXME: Perform the ECDSA signature steps specified in that specification, passing in M, params and d and resulting in result.

    // NOTE: The spec jumps to 9 here for some reason
    // FIXME: 9. Return the result of creating an ArrayBuffer containing result.
    return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(realm, "ECDSA signing is not supported yet"_string);
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#ecdsa-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::Value> ECDSA::verify(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& signature, ByteBuffer const& message)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<EcdsaParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "public", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Public)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a public key"_string);

    // 2. Let hashAlgorithm be the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    [[maybe_unused]] auto const& hash_algorithm = TRY(normalized_algorithm.hash.name(realm.vm()));

    // 3. Let M be the result of performing the digest operation specified by hashAlgorithm using message.
    ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind hash_kind;
    if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA1;
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA256;
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA384;
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        hash_kind = ::Crypto::Hash::HashKind::SHA512;
    } else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", hash_algorithm)));
    }
    ::Crypto::Hash::Manager hash { hash_kind };
    hash.update(message);
    auto digest = hash.digest();

    auto result_buffer = ByteBuffer::copy(digest.immutable_data(), hash.digest_size());
    if (result_buffer.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to create result buffer"_string);

    auto M = result_buffer.release_value();

    // 4. Let Q be the ECDSA public key associated with key.
    auto Q = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();

    // FIXME: 5. Let params be the EC domain parameters associated with key.

    // 6. If the namedCurve attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key is "P-256", "P-384" or "P-521":
    auto const& internal_algorithm = static_cast<EcKeyAlgorithm const&>(*key->algorithm());
    auto const& named_curve = internal_algorithm.named_curve();

    auto result = false;

    Variant<Empty, ::Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1, ::Crypto::Curves::SECP384r1> curve;
    if (named_curve.is_one_of("P-256"sv, "P-384"sv, "P-521"sv)) {
        if (named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-256"sv))
            curve = ::Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1 {};

        if (named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-384"sv))
            curve = ::Crypto::Curves::SECP384r1 {};

        // FIXME: Support P-521
        if (named_curve.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("P-521"sv))
            return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, "'P-521' is not supported yet"_string);

        // Perform the ECDSA verifying process, as specified in [RFC6090], Section 5.3,
        // with M as the received message,
        // signature as the received signature
        // and using params as the EC domain parameters,
        // and Q as the public key.

        // NOTE: verify() takes the signature in X.509 format but JS uses IEEE P1363 format, so we need to convert it
        // FIXME: Dont construct an ASN1 object here just to pass it to verify
        auto half_size = signature.size() / 2;
        auto r = ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(signature.data(), half_size);
        auto s = ::Crypto::UnsignedBigInteger::import_data(signature.data() + half_size, half_size);

        ::Crypto::ASN1::Encoder encoder;
        (void)encoder.write_constructed(::Crypto::ASN1::Class::Universal, ::Crypto::ASN1::Kind::Sequence, [&] {
            (void)encoder.write(r);
            (void)encoder.write(s);
        });
        auto encoded_signature = encoder.finish();

        auto maybe_result = curve.visit(
            [](Empty const&) -> ErrorOr<bool> { return Error::from_string_literal("Failed to create valid crypto instance"); },
            [&](auto instance) { return instance.verify(M, Q, encoded_signature); });

        if (maybe_result.is_error()) {
            auto error_message = MUST(String::from_utf8(maybe_result.error().string_literal()));
            return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, error_message);
        }

        result = maybe_result.release_value();
    } else {
        // FIXME: Otherwise, the namedCurve attribute of the [[algorithm]] internal slot of key is a value specified in an applicable specification:
        // FIXME: Perform the ECDSA verification steps specified in that specification passing in M, signature, params and Q and resulting in an indication of whether or not the purported signature is valid.
    }

    // 9. Let result be a boolean with the value true if the signature is valid and the value false otherwise.
    // 10. Return result.
    return JS::Value(result);
}

// https://wicg.github.io/webcrypto-secure-curves/#ed25519-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>>> ED25519::generate_key([[maybe_unused]] AlgorithmParams const& params, bool extractable, Vector<Bindings::KeyUsage> const& key_usages)
{
    // 1. If usages contains a value which is not one of "sign" or "verify", then throw a SyntaxError.
    for (auto const& usage : key_usages) {
        if (usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Sign && usage != Bindings::KeyUsage::Verify) {
            return WebIDL::SyntaxError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid key usage '{}'", idl_enum_to_string(usage))));
        }
    }

    // 2. Generate an Ed25519 key pair, as defined in [RFC8032], section 5.1.5.
    ::Crypto::Curves::Ed25519 curve;
    auto maybe_private_key = curve.generate_private_key();
    if (maybe_private_key.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to generate private key"_string);
    auto private_key_data = maybe_private_key.release_value();

    auto maybe_public_key = curve.generate_public_key(private_key_data);
    if (maybe_public_key.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(m_realm, "Failed to generate public key"_string);
    auto public_key_data = maybe_public_key.release_value();

    // 3. Let algorithm be a new KeyAlgorithm object.
    auto algorithm = KeyAlgorithm::create(m_realm);

    // 4. Set the name attribute of algorithm to "Ed25519".
    algorithm->set_name("Ed25519"_string);

    // 5. Let publicKey be a new CryptoKey associated with the relevant global object of this [HTML],
    // and representing the public key of the generated key pair.
    auto public_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { public_key_data });

    // 6. Set the [[type]] internal slot of publicKey to "public"
    public_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Public);

    // 7. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of publicKey to algorithm.
    public_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 8. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of publicKey to true.
    public_key->set_extractable(true);

    // 9. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of publicKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "verify" ].
    public_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Verify } }));

    // 10. Let privateKey be a new CryptoKey associated with the relevant global object of this [HTML],
    // and representing the private key of the generated key pair.
    auto private_key = CryptoKey::create(m_realm, CryptoKey::InternalKeyData { private_key_data });

    // 11. Set the [[type]] internal slot of privateKey to "private"
    private_key->set_type(Bindings::KeyType::Private);

    // 12. Set the [[algorithm]] internal slot of privateKey to algorithm.
    private_key->set_algorithm(algorithm);

    // 13. Set the [[extractable]] internal slot of privateKey to extractable.
    private_key->set_extractable(extractable);

    // 14. Set the [[usages]] internal slot of privateKey to be the usage intersection of usages and [ "sign" ].
    private_key->set_usages(usage_intersection(key_usages, { { Bindings::KeyUsage::Sign } }));

    // 15. Let result be a new CryptoKeyPair dictionary.
    // 16. Set the publicKey attribute of result to be publicKey.
    // 17. Set the privateKey attribute of result to be privateKey.
    // 18. Return the result of converting result to an ECMAScript Object, as defined by [WebIDL].
    return Variant<JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey>, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKeyPair>> { CryptoKeyPair::create(m_realm, public_key, private_key) };
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> ED25519::sign([[maybe_unused]] AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& message)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto& vm = realm.vm();

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "private", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Private)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a private key"_string);

    // 2. Perform the Ed25519 signing process, as specified in [RFC8032], Section 5.1.6,
    // with message as M, using the Ed25519 private key associated with key.
    auto private_key = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();

    ::Crypto::Curves::Ed25519 curve;
    auto maybe_public_key = curve.generate_public_key(private_key);
    if (maybe_public_key.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Failed to generate public key"_string);
    auto public_key = maybe_public_key.release_value();

    auto maybe_signature = curve.sign(public_key, private_key, message);
    if (maybe_signature.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Failed to sign message"_string);
    auto signature = maybe_signature.release_value();

    // 3. Return a new ArrayBuffer associated with the relevant global object of this [HTML],
    // and containing the bytes of the signature resulting from performing the Ed25519 signing process.
    auto result = TRY_OR_THROW_OOM(vm, ByteBuffer::copy(signature));
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, move(result));
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::Value> ED25519::verify([[maybe_unused]] AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, ByteBuffer const& signature, ByteBuffer const& message)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;

    // 1. If the [[type]] internal slot of key is not "public", then throw an InvalidAccessError.
    if (key->type() != Bindings::KeyType::Public)
        return WebIDL::InvalidAccessError::create(realm, "Key is not a public key"_string);

    // NOTE: this is checked by ED25519::verify()
    // 2. If the key data of key represents an invalid point or a small-order element on the Elliptic Curve of Ed25519, return false.
    // 3. If the point R, encoded in the first half of signature, represents an invalid point or a small-order element on the Elliptic Curve of Ed25519, return false.

    // 4. Perform the Ed25519 verification steps, as specified in [RFC8032], Section 5.1.7,
    // using the cofactorless (unbatched) equation, [S]B = R + [k]A', on the signature,
    // with message as M, using the Ed25519 public key associated with key.

    auto public_key = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();

    // 9. Let result be a boolean with the value true if the signature is valid and the value false otherwise.
    ::Crypto::Curves::Ed25519 curve;
    auto result = curve.verify(public_key, signature, message);

    // 10. Return result.
    return JS::Value(result);
}

// https://w3c.github.io/webcrypto/#hkdf-operations
WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> HKDF::derive_bits(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, Optional<u32> length_optional)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<HKDFParams const&>(params);

    // 1. If length is null or zero, or is not a multiple of 8, then throw an OperationError.
    auto length = length_optional.value_or(0);

    if (length == 0 || length % 8 != 0)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Length must be greater than 0 and divisible by 8"_string);

    // 2. Let keyDerivationKey be the secret represented by [[handle]] internal slot of key as the message.
    auto key_derivation_key = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();

    // 3. Let result be the result of performing the HKDF extract and then the HKDF expand step described in Section 2 of [RFC5869] using:
    //    * the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm as Hash,
    //    * keyDerivationKey as the input keying material, IKM,
    //    * the contents of the salt member of normalizedAlgorithm as salt,
    //    * the contents of the info member of normalizedAlgorithm as info,
    //    * length divided by 8 as the value of L,
    // Note: Although HKDF technically supports absent salt (treating it as hashLen many NUL bytes),
    // all major browsers instead raise a TypeError, for example:
    //     "Failed to execute 'deriveBits' on 'SubtleCrypto': HkdfParams: salt: Not a BufferSource"
    // Because we are forced by neither peer pressure nor the spec, we don't support it either.
    auto const& hash_algorithm = TRY(normalized_algorithm.hash.name(realm.vm()));
    ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> result = Error::from_string_literal("noop error");
    if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::HKDF<::Crypto::Hash::SHA1>::derive_key(Optional<ReadonlyBytes>(normalized_algorithm.salt), key_derivation_key, normalized_algorithm.info, length / 8);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::HKDF<::Crypto::Hash::SHA256>::derive_key(Optional<ReadonlyBytes>(normalized_algorithm.salt), key_derivation_key, normalized_algorithm.info, length / 8);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::HKDF<::Crypto::Hash::SHA384>::derive_key(Optional<ReadonlyBytes>(normalized_algorithm.salt), key_derivation_key, normalized_algorithm.info, length / 8);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::HKDF<::Crypto::Hash::SHA512>::derive_key(Optional<ReadonlyBytes>(normalized_algorithm.salt), key_derivation_key, normalized_algorithm.info, length / 8);
    } else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", hash_algorithm)));
    }

    // 4. If the key derivation operation fails, then throw an OperationError.
    if (result.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Failed to derive key"_string);

    // 5. Return result
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, result.release_value());
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::Value> HKDF::get_key_length(AlgorithmParams const&)
{
    // 1. Return null.
    return JS::js_null();
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<JS::ArrayBuffer>> PBKDF2::derive_bits(AlgorithmParams const& params, JS::NonnullGCPtr<CryptoKey> key, Optional<u32> length_optional)
{
    auto& realm = *m_realm;
    auto const& normalized_algorithm = static_cast<PBKDF2Params const&>(params);

    // 1. If length is null or zero, or is not a multiple of 8, then throw an OperationError.
    auto length = length_optional.value_or(0);

    if (length == 0 || length % 8 != 0)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Length must be greater than 0 and divisible by 8"_string);

    // 2. If the iterations member of normalizedAlgorithm is zero, then throw an OperationError.
    if (normalized_algorithm.iterations == 0)
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Iterations must be greater than 0"_string);

    // 3. Let prf be the MAC Generation function described in Section 4 of [FIPS-198-1] using the hash function described by the hash member of normalizedAlgorithm.
    auto const& hash_algorithm = TRY(normalized_algorithm.hash.name(realm.vm()));

    // 4. Let result be the result of performing the PBKDF2 operation defined in Section 5.2 of [RFC8018]
    // using prf as the pseudo-random function, PRF,
    // the password represented by [[handle]] internal slot of key as the password, P,
    // the contents of the salt attribute of normalizedAlgorithm as the salt, S,
    // the value of the iterations attribute of normalizedAlgorithm as the iteration count, c,
    // and length divided by 8 as the intended key length, dkLen.
    ErrorOr<ByteBuffer> result = Error::from_string_literal("noop error");

    auto password = key->handle().get<ByteBuffer>();

    auto salt = normalized_algorithm.salt;
    auto iterations = normalized_algorithm.iterations;
    auto derived_key_length_bytes = length / 8;

    if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-1"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::PBKDF2::derive_key<::Crypto::Authentication::HMAC<::Crypto::Hash::SHA1>>(password, salt, iterations, derived_key_length_bytes);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-256"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::PBKDF2::derive_key<::Crypto::Authentication::HMAC<::Crypto::Hash::SHA256>>(password, salt, iterations, derived_key_length_bytes);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-384"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::PBKDF2::derive_key<::Crypto::Authentication::HMAC<::Crypto::Hash::SHA384>>(password, salt, iterations, derived_key_length_bytes);
    } else if (hash_algorithm.equals_ignoring_ascii_case("SHA-512"sv)) {
        result = ::Crypto::Hash::PBKDF2::derive_key<::Crypto::Authentication::HMAC<::Crypto::Hash::SHA512>>(password, salt, iterations, derived_key_length_bytes);
    } else {
        return WebIDL::NotSupportedError::create(m_realm, MUST(String::formatted("Invalid hash function '{}'", hash_algorithm)));
    }

    // 5. If the key derivation operation fails, then throw an OperationError.
    if (result.is_error())
        return WebIDL::OperationError::create(realm, "Failed to derive key"_string);

    // 6. Return result
    return JS::ArrayBuffer::create(realm, result.release_value());
}

WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::Value> PBKDF2::get_key_length(AlgorithmParams const&)
{
    // 1. Return null.
    return JS::js_null();
}

}